{"id":23946,"date":"2022-12-20T12:03:15","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T11:03:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=23946"},"modified":"2022-12-20T15:09:21","modified_gmt":"2022-12-20T14:09:21","slug":"strategie-nationale-pour-le-developpement-de-lhydrogene-vert-en-tunisie-a-qui-les-benefices","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/publication\/strategie-nationale-pour-le-developpement-de-lhydrogene-vert-en-tunisie-a-qui-les-benefices\/","title":{"rendered":"A qui profite la strat\u00e9gie tunisienne pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Alors que le secteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondial cherche \u00e0 se remodeler depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, de plusieurs pays dans le monde se sont lanc\u00e9s dans la course \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, \u00e9rig\u00e9 en \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9nergie du futur\u00a0\u00bb. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne gris, produit \u00e0 partir des combustibles fossiles (gaz naturel) et hautement \u00e9metteur en gaz \u00e0 effet de serre<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab\u00a0La production d\u2019un seul kilogramme\u00a0d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0gris \u00e0 partir de gaz naturel \u00e9met environ 11 kg de CO2\u00a0\u00bb, dans Orygeen, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.orygeen.eu\/docs-actus\/glossaire\/hydrogene-gris\/#:~:text=La%20production%20d'un%20seul,mondiales%20annuelles%20de%20cette%20ann%C3%A9e\">\u00ab\u00a0Hydrog\u00e8ne gris\u00a0: l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit \u00e0 partir d\u2019hydrocarbures\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La production d&#8217;hydrog\u00e8ne gris issu des \u00e9nergies fossiles est responsable d&#8217;environ 830 millions de tonnes d&#8217;\u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone par an, soit 2,2 % du total des \u00e9missions mondiales. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/fuels-and-technologies\/hydrogen\">Voir \u00ab\u00a0Hydrogen\u00a0\u00bb,<\/a> IEA, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par \u00e9lectrolyse, processus au cours duquel l\u2019eau est d\u00e9compos\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 issue des \u00e9nergies renouvelables. La combustion d\u20191 kg de ce gaz lib\u00e8re presque quatre fois plus d\u2019\u00e9nergie qu\u20191 kg d\u2019essence<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019essentiel sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb, Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie atomique et aux \u00e9nergies alternatives (CEA), 10 mai 2022, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cea.fr\/comprendre\/Pages\/energies\/renouvelables\/essentiel-sur-hydrogene.aspx<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . En 2021, la production mondiale d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert repr\u00e9sentait 5% des 94 millions de tonnes produites sur l\u2019ann\u00e9e<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-hydrogen-review-2022\">Global Hydrogen review 2022<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . Cette quantit\u00e9 est toutefois vou\u00e9e \u00e0 augmenter, au vu des diff\u00e9rentes strat\u00e9gies d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es dans le cadre des plans de relance \u00e9conomique post-Covid ou encore des strat\u00e9gies d\u2019approvisionnement de l\u2019Europe en \u00e9nergie alternative au gaz russe<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anna Skowron et Joachim F\u00fcnfgelt, \u00ab\u00a0Regulating the Hype: Renewable Hydrogen in the global South\u201d, World Future Council, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> .<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 un march\u00e9 mondial de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert est en train de se fa\u00e7onner, la Tunisie entame l\u2019\u00e9laboration de sa propre strat\u00e9gie, qu\u2019elle pr\u00e9pare depuis le d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2022 et qui devrait \u00eatre finalis\u00e9e en 2024. Le pays a d\u00e9j\u00e0 annonc\u00e9 qu\u2019il allait privil\u00e9gier l\u2019exportation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africanmanager.com\/er-la-tunisie-futur-exportateur-denergie-vers-leurope\/\">\u00ab\u00a0La Tunisie, futur exportateur d\u2019\u00e9nergie vers l\u2019Europe!\u00a0\u00bb<\/a> , <em>African Manager<\/em>, 13 mai 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> du carburant vert \u00e0 son exploitation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert\u00a0: la Tunisie sur la bonne voie, La Presse, 10 septembre 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u00ab\u00a0Promouvoir l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, un march\u00e9 en pleine expansion aujourd&#8217;hui dans le monde, est tr\u00e8s important pour la Tunisie\u00a0\u00bb, a affirm\u00e9 la GIZ<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), organe allemand de coop\u00e9ration pour le d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , premier partenaire du gouvernement tunisien dans ce projet.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que le Minist\u00e8re tunisien de l\u2019Energie ait accord\u00e9 une grande importance au projet, aucun dialogue avec la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, les scientifiques et les populations concern\u00e9es n\u2019a eu lieu. Le pays rate ainsi l\u2019occasion d\u2019identifier les \u00e9ventuels risques, tant au niveau environnemental que social alors que des doutent \u00e9mergent quant \u00e0 son int\u00e9r\u00eat pour la Tunisie.<\/p>\n<p>La production de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle \u2013 aliment\u00e9e par des m\u00e9gaprojets \u00e9oliens et solaires \u2013 requiert une mobilisation importante de diff\u00e9rents types de ressources, tout au long de la cha\u00eene de fabrication. M\u00eame si le Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Energie affirme que \u00ab\u00a0ces projets n&#8217;ont a priori pas d&#8217;impact n\u00e9gatif sur l&#8217;environnement\u00a0\u00bb, rien n\u2019est moins s\u00fbr en r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Alors que les discussions actuelles portent essentiellement sur le positionnement de la Tunisie sur ce march\u00e9 mondial naissant, les co\u00fbts sociaux et \u00e9cologiques de ces projets majeurs sont rarement consid\u00e9r\u00e9s. Les \u00e9tudes<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Teske S., Niklas S., Mey F., (2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/green_hydrogen_-_hype_or_beacon_of_hope.pdf\"><em>Renewable Hydrogen in the Global South \u2013 Opportunities and risks<\/em><\/a>, July 2022, University of Technology Sydney \u2013 Institute for Sustainable Futures (UTS-ISF)\u00a0; Ann Waters-Bayer and Hussein Tadicha Wario,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2022\/05\/18\/pastoralism-and-large-scale-renewable-energy-and-green-hydrogen-projects\"> \u201cPastoralism and large-scale REnewable energy and green hydrogen projects. Potential &amp; Threats\u201d<\/a>, Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung, 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> se sont pourtant r\u00e9cemment multipli\u00e9es, alertant sur les r\u00e9percussions que de tels m\u00e9ga-projets pourraient avoir sur les ressources naturelles &#8211; l\u2019eau, les sols, etc. &#8211; dans des pays fortement menac\u00e9s par le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique.<\/p>\n<p>Des doutes \u00e9mergent aussi quant au r\u00e9el apport de ce nouveau secteur vis-\u00e0-vis des engagements climatiques tunisiens. Alors que le pays est \u00e0 ce jour d\u00e9pendant \u00e0 97% du gaz alg\u00e9rien pour sa production \u00e9lectrique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23946_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab Tunisie: les achats de gaz naturel en provenance d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie ont progress\u00e9 de 25% entre f\u00e9vrier 2021 et f\u00e9vrier 2022 \u00bb, \u00c9nergies Media, 16 avril 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23946_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et que sa transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique stagne, il est envisag\u00e9 que la majeure partie de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert produit sur le sol tunisien soit export\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, notamment vers Europe, comme l\u2019ont confirm\u00e9 les entretiens r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans le cadre de cette \u00e9tude.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert se profile comme \u00e9tant une alternative th\u00e9oriquement bien plus souhaitable que d\u2019autres options polluantes, sa production massive profiterait essentiellement aux besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de l\u2019Europe. Ceci soul\u00e8ve un autre probl\u00e8me de fond, celui de la reproduction d\u2019un mod\u00e8le extractiviste, bas\u00e9 sur la surexploitation des ressources naturelles destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019exportation vers les march\u00e9s mondiaux.<\/p>\n<p>Pour d\u00e9velopper une strat\u00e9gie de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes, avec l\u2019appui des pays europ\u00e9ens &#8211; notamment l\u2019Allemagne en ce qui concerne l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert &#8211; cherchent \u00e0 prolonger l\u2019exploitation des ressources de leurs voisins, sans v\u00e9ritablement consid\u00e9rer les besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques des populations locales, les risques sociaux et \u00e9cologiques tel que le stress hydrique, ainsi que la dette financi\u00e8re r\u00e9sultant de tels investissements.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_23946_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_23946_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23946_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_23946_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab\u00a0La production d\u2019un seul kilogramme\u00a0d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0gris \u00e0 partir de gaz naturel \u00e9met environ 11 kg de CO2\u00a0\u00bb, dans Orygeen, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.orygeen.eu\/docs-actus\/glossaire\/hydrogene-gris\/#:~:text=La%20production%20d'un%20seul,mondiales%20annuelles%20de%20cette%20ann%C3%A9e\">\u00ab\u00a0Hydrog\u00e8ne gris\u00a0: l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit \u00e0 partir d\u2019hydrocarbures\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La production d&#8217;hydrog\u00e8ne gris issu des \u00e9nergies fossiles est responsable d&#8217;environ 830 millions de tonnes d&#8217;\u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone par an, soit 2,2 % du total des \u00e9missions mondiales. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/fuels-and-technologies\/hydrogen\">Voir \u00ab\u00a0Hydrogen\u00a0\u00bb,<\/a> IEA, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019essentiel sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb, Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie atomique et aux \u00e9nergies alternatives (CEA), 10 mai 2022, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cea.fr\/comprendre\/Pages\/energies\/renouvelables\/essentiel-sur-hydrogene.aspx<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-hydrogen-review-2022\">Global Hydrogen review 2022<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anna Skowron et Joachim F\u00fcnfgelt, \u00ab\u00a0Regulating the Hype: Renewable Hydrogen in the global South\u201d, World Future Council, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africanmanager.com\/er-la-tunisie-futur-exportateur-denergie-vers-leurope\/\">\u00ab\u00a0La Tunisie, futur exportateur d\u2019\u00e9nergie vers l\u2019Europe!\u00a0\u00bb<\/a> , <em>African Manager<\/em>, 13 mai 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert\u00a0: la Tunisie sur la bonne voie, La Presse, 10 septembre 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), organe allemand de coop\u00e9ration pour le d\u00e9veloppement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Teske S., Niklas S., Mey F., (2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/green_hydrogen_-_hype_or_beacon_of_hope.pdf\"><em>Renewable Hydrogen in the Global South \u2013 Opportunities and risks<\/em><\/a>, July 2022, University of Technology Sydney \u2013 Institute for Sustainable Futures (UTS-ISF)\u00a0; Ann Waters-Bayer and Hussein Tadicha Wario,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2022\/05\/18\/pastoralism-and-large-scale-renewable-energy-and-green-hydrogen-projects\"> \u201cPastoralism and large-scale REnewable energy and green hydrogen projects. Potential &amp; Threats\u201d<\/a>, Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung, 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23946_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23946_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab Tunisie: les achats de gaz naturel en provenance d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie ont progress\u00e9 de 25% entre f\u00e9vrier 2021 et f\u00e9vrier 2022 \u00bb, \u00c9nergies Media, 16 avril 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_23946_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_23946_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23946_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_23946_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_23946_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23946_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_23946_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_23946_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_23946_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_23946_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_23946_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_23946_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_23946_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_23946_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":23933,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[144],"tags":[263,553,127],"class_list":["post-23946","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-documents-de-recherche","tag-environnement","tag-secteur-de-lenergie-fr","tag-tunisie"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/23946","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/23946\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24204,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/23946\/revisions\/24204"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23946"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23946"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23946"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}