{"id":6597,"date":"2019-09-23T14:15:31","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T12:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=6597"},"modified":"2020-06-24T14:27:03","modified_gmt":"2020-06-24T12:27:03","slug":"6597","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/6597\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0633\u064a\u060c 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rijkers, Bob, Caroline Freund, and Antonio Nucifora. &#8220;All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Development Economics<\/em>\u00a0124.C (2017): 41-59.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Asik, Gunes, et al. &#8220;Productivity, Structural Change and Skills Dynamics in Tunisia and Turkey.&#8221; Economic Research Forum Working Papers. No. 1269. 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span 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tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a Gini coefficient \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 40 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 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Fondation Jean-Jaures, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a (\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2013 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2018 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2019)\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Drazen, Allan. &#8220;The political business cycle after 25 years&#8221;, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15. MIT Press, 2001. 75-138.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u2013 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 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2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Arouri, Hassen, Leila Baghdadi, and Bob Rijkers. &#8220;State Capture in Ben Ali&#8217;s Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0In <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring<\/em>. Oxford University Press, (2019): 173.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0635\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u062a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker, eds.\u00a0<em>Deals and Development: The Political Dynamics of Growth Episodes<\/em>. 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OUP, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 50\u060c 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_24').tooltip({ tip: 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Diwan, Ishac. The Future of the Private Sector. In Diwan, Malik, and Atiyas: <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East<\/em>. OUP, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2019.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rahman, Natalya. Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa Five years after the uprising. Arab Barometer working paper, 2018; and Grewal, Sharan. \u201cTunisian democracy at a crossroads\u201d, Brookings, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 2016 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cammett, M., I. 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0629 &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Levy, Brian, and Francis Fukuyama.\u00a0<em>Development strategies: integrating governance and growth<\/em>. The World Bank, 2010.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Levy, Brian. &#8220;Governance reform: Getting the fit right.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Public Administration and Development<\/em>\u00a035.4 (2015): 238-249.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.)\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Gallien,\u00a0Max, and Isabelle Werenfels. 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SWP Comment 2019\/C 13, March 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6597_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6597_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; 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No. w3053. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.<\/li>\n<li>Amara, Mohamed, and Hatem Jemmali. &#8220;On the Decomposition of Economic Inequality: A Methodology and an Application to Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Economic Research Forum, Working Paper<\/em>. Vol. 1096. 2017.<\/li>\n<li>Arab Barometer, various waves<\/li>\n<li>Arouri, Hassen, Leila Baghdadi, and Bob Rijkers. &#8220;State Capture in Ben Ali&#8217;s Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0In <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring<\/em>. Oxford University Press, (2019): 173.<\/li>\n<li>Asik, Gunes, et al. &#8220;Productivity, Structural Change and Skills Dynamics in Tunisia and Turkey.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Economic Research Forum Working Papers<\/em>. No. 1269. 2018.<\/li>\n<li>Assaad, Ragui, and \u00a0and\u00a0Mongi Boughzala, editors. The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition. Oxfort University Press, 2018<\/li>\n<li>Bellin, Eva. &#8220;Drivers of democracy: lessons from Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Middle East Brief<\/em>\u00a075 (2013): 1-8.<\/li>\n<li>Ben Hamza, Fatene. UGTT and Tunisian government: a powerful (dis)union? Mimeo, Columbia University, 2019<\/li>\n<li>Boileau, Louis-Simon and Mahdi Elleuch. Ennahdha : les Islamistes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des urnes.Fondation Jean-Jaures, 2019<\/li>\n<li>Cammett, M., I. Diwan, and I. Vartanova. Insecurity and political values in the wake of the Arab Spring. Mimeo. 2019<\/li>\n<li>Diwan, Ishac. The Future of the Private Sector. In Diwan, Malik, and Atiyas: Crony Capitalism in the Middle East. OUP, 2019.<\/li>\n<li>Diwan, Ishac, and Mouhoub Mouhoud. &#8220;Regional and Global Integration in the Middle East.&#8221;\u00a0<em>The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition<\/em>. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. 99-128.<\/li>\n<li>Drazen, Allan. &#8220;The political business cycle after 25 years.&#8221; <em>NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15<\/em>. MIT Press, 2001. 75-138.<\/li>\n<li>Freund, Caroline, and M\u00e9lise Jaud. &#8220;On the determinants of democratic transitions.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Middle East Development Journal<\/em>\u00a05.1 (2013): 1350005-1.<\/li>\n<li>Gallien,\u00a0Max, and Isabelle Werenfels. Is Tunisia Really Democratizing? SWP Comment 2019\/C 13, March 2019.<\/li>\n<li>Grewal, Sharan .Tunisian democracy at a crossroads . Brookings, 2019<\/li>\n<li>Levy, Brian, and Francis Fukuyama.\u00a0<em>Development strategies: integrating governance and growth<\/em>. The World Bank, 2010.<\/li>\n<li>Levy, Brian. &#8220;Governance reform: Getting the fit right.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Public Administration and Development<\/em>\u00a035.4 (2015): 238-249.<\/li>\n<li>Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker, eds.\u00a0<em>Deals and development: The political dynamics of growth episodes<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2017.<\/li>\n<li>Nabli, Moustapha Kamel. J&#8217;y Crois Toujours. Sud-Edition, 2019<\/li>\n<li>International Crisis Group. Jihadist violence in Tunisia: the urgent need for a National Strategy. 2016, briefing no 50.<\/li>\n<li>Institute of International Finance. Tunisia, a winter of discontent. January 2018.<\/li>\n<li>International Monetary Fund &#8211; Article IV for Tunisia, 2018.<\/li>\n<li>Rahman, Natalya. Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa Five years after the uprising. Arab Barometer working paper, 2018<\/li>\n<li>Rijkers, Bob, Caroline Freund, and Antonio Nucifora. &#8220;All in the family: State capture in Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Development Economics<\/em>\u00a0124.C (2017): 41-59.<\/li>\n<li>Yerkes, Sarah, and Zeineb Ben Yahmed. Tunisians\u2019 Revolutionary Goals Remain Unfulfilled, Carnegie Foundation, 2018<\/li>\n<li>World Bank. The unfinished revolution : bringing opportunity, good jobs and greater wealth to all Tunisians. Washington DC, 2016<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1. \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c 2010 \u2013 2019<\/h5>\n<table cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 14%;\"><\/td>\n<td><strong>2010<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2011<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2012<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2013<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2014<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2015<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2016<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2017<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2018<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2019<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>-1.9<\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1.9<\/td>\n<td>2.6<\/td>\n<td>2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>15.3<\/td>\n<td>15.3<\/td>\n<td>15.4<\/td>\n<td>15.5<\/td>\n<td>15.3<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>14.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>5.9<\/td>\n<td>5.7<\/td>\n<td>4.8<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>6.4<\/td>\n<td>6.5<\/td>\n<td>7.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>26.4<\/td>\n<td>24.1<\/td>\n<td>24.3<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>21.4<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>22.5<\/td>\n<td>23.1<\/td>\n<td>23.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>6.8<\/td>\n<td>7.3<\/td>\n<td>6.6<\/td>\n<td>4.9<\/td>\n<td>4.8<\/td>\n<td>4.7<\/td>\n<td>5.3<\/td>\n<td>5.5<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>5.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>19.5<\/td>\n<td>16.8<\/td>\n<td>17.3<\/td>\n<td>17.8<\/td>\n<td>18.8<\/td>\n<td>16.8<\/td>\n<td>16.9<\/td>\n<td>17.0<\/td>\n<td>18.1<\/td>\n<td>17.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>70.6<\/td>\n<td>67.4<\/td>\n<td>67.4<\/td>\n<td>73.7<\/td>\n<td>73.8<\/td>\n<td>73.5<\/td>\n<td>73.7<\/td>\n<td>73.8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>23.3<\/td>\n<td>24.5<\/td>\n<td>23.1<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>25.4<\/td>\n<td>23.2<\/td>\n<td>22.7<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>24.6<\/td>\n<td>25.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>24.4<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>28.8<\/td>\n<td>32.4<\/td>\n<td>29.8<\/td>\n<td>28.8<\/td>\n<td>28.7<\/td>\n<td>30.2<\/td>\n<td>30.1<\/td>\n<td>29.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>6.1<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>7.8<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>5.7<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>6.1<\/td>\n<td>6.4<\/td>\n<td>5.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>10.7<\/td>\n<td>11.8<\/td>\n<td>12.2<\/td>\n<td>12.5<\/td>\n<td>12.7<\/td>\n<td>13.6<\/td>\n<td>14.5<\/td>\n<td>14.7<\/td>\n<td>14.8<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>-1.1<\/td>\n<td>-2.8<\/td>\n<td>-5.7<\/td>\n<td>-7.3<\/td>\n<td>-3.7<\/td>\n<td>-5.3<\/td>\n<td>-5.9<\/td>\n<td>-6<\/td>\n<td>-5.2<\/td>\n<td>-3.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>40.4<\/td>\n<td>44<\/td>\n<td>44.5<\/td>\n<td>46.8<\/td>\n<td>51.6<\/td>\n<td>54.8<\/td>\n<td>61.2<\/td>\n<td>71.3<\/td>\n<td>73.1<\/td>\n<td>73.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>-4.8<\/td>\n<td>-7.5<\/td>\n<td>-8.2<\/td>\n<td>-8.4<\/td>\n<td>-9.1<\/td>\n<td>-8.9<\/td>\n<td>-8.8<\/td>\n<td>-10.1<\/td>\n<td>-9.2<\/td>\n<td>-7.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0.4<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<td>1.7<\/td>\n<td>1.8<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>44.5<\/td>\n<td>46<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>61.4<\/td>\n<td>64.9<\/td>\n<td>72.2<\/td>\n<td>80.1<\/td>\n<td>83.7<\/td>\n<td>85.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>RER (depreciation)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>-1.9<\/td>\n<td>-0.2<\/td>\n<td>5.1<\/td>\n<td>-4.7<\/td>\n<td>-10.7<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/em><\/p>\n<h5>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 (\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629)<\/h5>\n<table cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15%;\"><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<td>39<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<td>43<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>51<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>46<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (% GDP)<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d)<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>49<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (% GDP)<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a (% exp)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>n.a<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\/\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/td>\n<td>2.5<\/td>\n<td>3.1<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>77<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>94<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>83<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>68<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>87<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<td>94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 (% \u0645\u0646 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>81<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td>39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a (% \u0645\u0646 GDP)<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 (% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a WEO.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6597_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6597_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6597_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_6597_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nabli, Moustapha Kamel. J&#8217;y Crois Toujours. Sud-Edition, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Freund, Caroline, and M\u00e9lise Jaud. &#8220;On the determinants of democratic transitions.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Middle East Development Journal<\/em>\u00a05\/1 (2013): 1350005-1<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 150% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Institute of International Finance, \u201cTunisia: A Winter of Discontent\u201d, January 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 10% \u0641\u064a 2010. \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 19% \u0641\u064a 2012\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0644\u063a 15% \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 (Asaad and Boughazala 2018).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 2012 \u06482015 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a 2018 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u2013 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 30 \u0625\u0644\u0649 40% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 2010 \u06482018 (Nabli 2019).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a\u060c 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rijkers, Bob, Caroline Freund, and Antonio Nucifora. &#8220;All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Development Economics<\/em>\u00a0124.C (2017): 41-59.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Asik, Gunes, et al. &#8220;Productivity, Structural Change and Skills Dynamics in Tunisia and Turkey.&#8221; Economic Research Forum Working Papers. No. 1269. 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 (Diwan and Mouhoud, 2016).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a Gini coefficient \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 40 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. (Amara and Jemmali 2017).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yerkes, Sarah, and Zeineb Ben Yahmed, \u201cTunisians\u2019 Revolutionary Goals Remain Unfulfilled\u201d, Carnegie Foundation, 2018. \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u00a0Boileau, Louis-Simon and Mahdi Elleuch. <em>Ennahdha : les Islamistes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des urnes<\/em>. Fondation Jean-Jaures, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Drazen, Allan. &#8220;The political business cycle after 25 years&#8221;, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15. MIT Press, 2001. 75-138.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ben Hamza, Fatene. \u201cUGTT and Tunisian government: a powerful (dis)union?\u201d Mimeo, Columbia University, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Arouri, Hassen, Leila Baghdadi, and Bob Rijkers. &#8220;State Capture in Ben Ali&#8217;s Tunisia.&#8221;\u00a0In <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring<\/em>. Oxford University Press, (2019): 173.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker, eds.\u00a0<em>Deals and Development: The Political Dynamics of Growth Episodes<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Diwan, Ishac. \u201cThe Future of the Private Sector\u201d, in Diwan, Malik, and Atiyas: <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East<\/em>. OUP, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a 11 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a 32% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 8% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f 13% \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 7% \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a World Bank Enterprise Survey 2013).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 24% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0641\u064a 2017 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u2013 \u0636\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 (Bellin 2013, Grewal 2019).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 50\u060c 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Diwan, Ishac. The Future of the Private Sector. In Diwan, Malik, and Atiyas: <em>Crony Capitalism in the Middle East<\/em>. OUP, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rahman, Natalya. Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa Five years after the uprising. Arab Barometer working paper, 2018; and Grewal, Sharan. \u201cTunisian democracy at a crossroads\u201d, Brookings, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cammett, M., I. Diwan, and I. Vartanova. \u201cInsecurity and political values in the wake of the Arab Spring\u201d. Mimeo, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0641\u064a 2016: 69% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 &#8220;\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642&#8221; \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b&#8221;. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 79% \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 69% &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 64% &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 72% \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a 2016\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 48% \u0641\u064a 2013\u060c \u064828% \u0641\u064a 2011.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Levy, Brian, and Francis Fukuyama.\u00a0<em>Development strategies: integrating governance and growth<\/em>. The World Bank, 2010.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Levy, Brian. &#8220;Governance reform: Getting the fit right.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Public Administration and Development<\/em>\u00a035.4 (2015): 238-249.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Gallien,\u00a0Max, and Isabelle Werenfels. Is Tunisia Really Democratizing? SWP Comment 2019\/C 13, March 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6597_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6597_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_6597_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6597_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6597_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_6597_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6597_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6597_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6597_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6597_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6597_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_6597_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_6597_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6597_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_6597_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6597_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":6618,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[22],"tags":[174,286],"class_list":["post-6597","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-22","tag-174","tag-286"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10939,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6597\/revisions\/10939"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6618"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}