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\u0628\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Alain Christnacht, \u201cOn Decentralization in France\u201d, in Arab Reform Initiative, <em>Decentralization and the Future of the Syrian State<\/em>, December 2016, pp. 21-33, available at in <a href=\"https:\/\/archives.arab-reform.net\/en\/node\/1011\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/archives.arab-reform.net\/en\/node\/1011<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lamia Zaki, \u201cDecentralization in Morocco: Promising Legal Reforms with Uncertain Impact\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, July 2019, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/decentralization-in-morocco-promising-legal-reforms-with-uncertain-impact<\/span><\/span><\/span><script 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6152_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Reem Ahmad, Mohammed Al-Haj Ali, Alice Al Maleh, Jodi Brignola, Mareem al-Hourani, \u201cSyrians divided over prospects for local election results, as government \u2018consolidates its power\u2019\u201d, in Syriadirect, 20 September 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/syriadirect.org\/news\/syrians-divided-over-about-prospects-for-local-election-results-as-government-%e2%80%98consolidates-its-power%e2%80%99\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/syriadirect.org\/news\/syrians-divided-over-about-prospects-for-local-election-results-as-government-%e2%80%98consolidates-its-power%e2%80%99\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b: &#8220;\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Joseph Daher, \u201c<em>Militias and crony capitalism to hamper Syria reconstruction<\/em><em>\u201d<\/em>, OpenDemocracy, 5 September 2017, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/north-africa-west-asia\/joseph-daher\/militias-and-crony-capitalism-to-hamper-syria-reconstruction\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/north-africa-west-asia\/joseph-daher\/militias-and-crony-capitalism-to-hamper-syria-reconstruction<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lotfi Tarchouna, \u201cThe Tunisian experience of Decentralization since 2014\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, July 2019, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/the-tunisian-experience-of-decentralization-since-2014<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6152_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6152_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6152_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6152_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_6152_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Alain Christnacht, \u201cOn Decentralization in France\u201d, in Arab Reform Initiative, <em>Decentralization and the Future of the Syrian State<\/em>, December 2016, pp. 21-33, available at in <a href=\"https:\/\/archives.arab-reform.net\/en\/node\/1011\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/archives.arab-reform.net\/en\/node\/1011<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lamia Zaki, \u201cDecentralization in Morocco: Promising Legal Reforms with Uncertain Impact\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, July 2019, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/decentralization-in-morocco-promising-legal-reforms-with-uncertain-impact<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Reem Ahmad, Mohammed Al-Haj Ali, Alice Al Maleh, Jodi Brignola, Mareem al-Hourani, \u201cSyrians divided over prospects for local election results, as government \u2018consolidates its power\u2019\u201d, in Syriadirect, 20 September 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/syriadirect.org\/news\/syrians-divided-over-about-prospects-for-local-election-results-as-government-%e2%80%98consolidates-its-power%e2%80%99\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/syriadirect.org\/news\/syrians-divided-over-about-prospects-for-local-election-results-as-government-%e2%80%98consolidates-its-power%e2%80%99\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Joseph Daher, \u201c<em>Militias and crony capitalism to hamper Syria reconstruction<\/em><em>\u201d<\/em>, OpenDemocracy, 5 September 2017, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/north-africa-west-asia\/joseph-daher\/militias-and-crony-capitalism-to-hamper-syria-reconstruction\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/north-africa-west-asia\/joseph-daher\/militias-and-crony-capitalism-to-hamper-syria-reconstruction<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 The Day After \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: The Day After, <em>Opinions and Attitudes on Federalism, Decentralization and the Experience of the Democratic Self-Administration, <\/em>May 2016, available at tda-sy.org\/en\/content\/215\/278\/latest-news\/opinions-and-attitudes-on-federalism,-decentralization,-and-the-experience-of-the-democratic-self<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:The Day After, <em>Opinions and Attitudes on Federalism, Decentralization and the Experience of the Democratic Self-Administration, <\/em>May 2016, available at tda-sy.org\/en\/content\/215\/278\/latest-news\/opinions-and-attitudes-on-federalism,-decentralization,-and-the-experience-of-the-democratic-self.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Jihad Yazigi, <em>No Going Back: Why Decentralization Is the Future for Syria<\/em>, European Council on Foreign Relations, 6 September 2016, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.eu\/publications\/summary\/no_going_back_why_decentralisation_is_the_future_for_syria7107\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ecfr.eu\/publications\/summary\/no_going_back_why_decentralisation_is_the_future_for_syria7107<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6152_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6152_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6152_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lotfi Tarchouna, \u201cThe Tunisian experience of Decentralization since 2014\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, July 2019, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/the-tunisian-experience-of-decentralization-since-2014<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_6152_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6152_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6152_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_6152_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6152_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6152_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6152_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6152_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6152_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_6152_1(); } } function 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