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'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 2015-2030&#8221;. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- CSEFRS. (2015)\u00a0: Pour une \u00e9cole de l&#8217;\u00e9quit\u00e9 de la qualit\u00e9 et de la promotion\u00a0: vision strat\u00e9gique de la r\u00e9forme 2015-2030, p 86.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : La mise en \u0153uvre de la Charte Nationale d&#8217;Education et de Formation 2000-2013 : Acquis, d\u00e9ficits et d\u00e9fis, p 25.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Fukuyama, F. (1995): Trust\u00a0: the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. The Free Press, New York.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u061f<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong>\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f 13 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645&#8221; \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: &#8220;\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a 2000-2013: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- \u00abla mise en \u0153uvre de la Charte Nationale d\u2019\u00e9ducation, de formation et de recherche scientifique 2000 \u2013 2013 : les acquis, les d\u00e9ficits et les d\u00e9fis\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- CSEFRS. (2015), p 7.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_8\" 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648PIRLS<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Progress in International Reading Literacy.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : Op.cit., p 15.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 (1973)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- North. D, Thomas, R. (1973) : The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Acemoglu, Gallego, Robinson. (2014): Institutions, Human Capital And Development, The Annual Review of Economics, Harvard University. 6:875\u2013912., p 876.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>:<\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5101 aligncenter\" style=\"direction: rtl;\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2019\/04\/25180806\/graphs-rachid-2-arabic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"105\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 (1973) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- D, North. (1997)\u00a0: The Process of Economic Change. Working Paper No. 128. World Institute for Development Economic Research, Helsinki, p 2.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 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\u0648\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 Christopher Farris \u0648\u0643\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a Keith Schnakenberg<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- <em>Human Rights Protection Scores<\/em> de Christopher Farris et Keith Schnakenberg. (humanrightsscores.org).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a Penn World Table 9.0. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a Cato Institute \u0648Fraser Institute. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062aWorld Development Indicators \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong>\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2014) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (2011)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Friedman W, Kremer M, Miguel E, Thornton R. 2011. Education as liberation? NBER Work. Pap. 16939.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_5100_1('footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">- Acemoglu, Gallego, Robinson. (2014): Institutions, Human Capital And Development, The Annual Review of Economics, Harvard University. 6:875\u2013912., p 909.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_5100_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a (2001)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.\u00a0\u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/li>\n<li style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">&#8211; &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 2016&#8221; (PNEA 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">&#8211; &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2009 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a&#8221; (2008).<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">&#8211; &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627&#8221; (2008).<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/goo.gl\/icD8vQ\">https:\/\/goo.gl\/icD8vQ<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_5100_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_5100_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_5100_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_5100_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 23 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1965 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 20 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1981\u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0645 19 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1984 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2015)\u00a0: Pour une \u00e9cole de l&#8217;\u00e9quit\u00e9 de la qualit\u00e9 et de la promotion\u00a0: vision strat\u00e9gique de la r\u00e9forme 2015-2030, p 86.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : La mise en \u0153uvre de la Charte Nationale d&#8217;Education et de Formation 2000-2013 : Acquis, d\u00e9ficits et d\u00e9fis, p 25.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Fukuyama, F. (1995): Trust\u00a0: the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. The Free Press, New York.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- \u00abla mise en \u0153uvre de la Charte Nationale d\u2019\u00e9ducation, de formation et de recherche scientifique 2000 \u2013 2013 : les acquis, les d\u00e9ficits et les d\u00e9fis\u00bb.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2015), p 7.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Ibidem.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Ibidem.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Ibidem, p 7-8.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Progress in International Reading Literacy.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : Op.cit., p 14.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : Op.cit., p 14.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2014 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- CSEFRS. (2014) : Op.cit., p 15.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- North. D, Thomas, R. (1973) : The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Acemoglu, Gallego, Robinson. (2014): Institutions, Human Capital And Development, The Annual Review of Economics, Harvard University. 6:875\u2013912., p 876.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- D, North. (1997)\u00a0: The Process of Economic Change. Working Paper No. 128. World Institute for Development Economic Research, Helsinki, p 2.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Ibidem.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- <em>Human Rights Protection Scores<\/em> de Christopher Farris et Keith Schnakenberg. (humanrightsscores.org).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Friedman W, Kremer M, Miguel E, Thornton R. 2011. Education as liberation? NBER Work. Pap. 16939.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- Acemoglu, Gallego, Robinson. (2014): Institutions, Human Capital And Development, The Annual Review of Economics, Harvard University. 6:875\u2013912., p 909.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_5100_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_5100_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">- \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_5100_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_5100_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_5100_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_5100_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_5100_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_5100_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_5100_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_5100_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_5100_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_5100_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_5100_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_5100_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_5100_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_5100_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":5089,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[177],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-5100","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-177","tag-13"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/5100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/5100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5115,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/5100\/revisions\/5115"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}