{"id":41677,"date":"2026-01-30T13:12:49","date_gmt":"2026-01-30T12:12:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=41677"},"modified":"2026-03-05T11:28:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T10:28:55","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dominick de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional Solutions<\/em>, World Bank, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1739-7\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1739-7<\/span><\/a> [de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>]; According to this report, by 2030, it is expected that the water available per capita in the region will fall below 500 cubic meters per person per year, which will be below the absolute water scarcity threshold.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Leila M. Harris et al., \u201cWater Justice: Key Concepts, Debates and Research Agendas\u201d, in <em>The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice<\/em>, Ryan Holifield, Jayajit Chakraborty and Gordon Walker (eds.)<em>, <\/em>Routledge, 2017. [Harris et al., \u201cWater Justice\u201d]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 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\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, <em>Groundwater in the Arab Region<\/em>, ESCWA Water Development Report 9, United Nations, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4000563?v=pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4000563?v=pdf<\/span><\/a> [ESCWA, <em>Groundwater in the Arab Region<\/em>]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marcel Kuper et al., \u201cLiberation or Anarchy? The Janus Nature of Groundwater Use on North Africa\u2019s New Irrigation Frontiers\u201d, in <em>Integrated Groundwater Management: Concepts, Approaches and Challenges<\/em>, A. Jakeman, O. Barreteau, R. Hunt, J. D. Rinaudo, &amp; A. Ross (eds.),\u00a0Springer, 2016, pp. 583\u2013615, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23576-9_23\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23576-9_23<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeannie Sowers,\u00a0\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity in the Middle East\u201d,\u00a0<em>Middle East Report, no.<\/em>\u00a0271 (Summer 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2014\/07\/water-energy-and-human-insecurity-in-the-middle-east\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2014\/07\/water-energy-and-human-insecurity-in-the-middle-east\/<\/span><\/a> [Sowers,\u00a0\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity\u201d]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hussam Hussein, \u201cLifting the Veil: Unpacking the discourse of Water Scarcity in Jordan\u201d, <em>Environmental Science &amp; Policy<\/em> 89 (2018) pp. 385\u2013392, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.09.007\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.09.007<\/span><\/a> [Hussein, \u201cLifting the Veil\u201d]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eric Swyngedouw and Joe Williams, \u201cFrom Spain\u2019s Hydro-Deadlock to the Desalination Fix\u201d, <em>Water International<\/em> 41, no. 1 (2016) pp. 54\u201373, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508060.2016.1107705\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508060.2016.1107705<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 (NRW) \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 30 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637&#8221;\u060c CSIS\u060c 22 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2024\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/features.csis.org\/surviving-scarcity-water-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/features.csis.org\/surviving-scarcity-water-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/<\/span><\/a> [\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629&#8221;]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Abdeslam Boudhar et al., \u201cAssessment of Virtual Water Flows in Morocco\u2019s Foreign Trade of Crop Products\u201d,\u00a0<em>Resources<\/em>\u00a012, no. 4 (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources12040049\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources12040049<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 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Stefania Tamea, \u201cWater Resources, Food Security and the Role of Virtual Water Trade in the MENA Region\u201d, in\u00a0<em>Environmental Change And Human Security in Africa and the Middle East,<\/em> Mohamed Behnassi and Katriona McGlade (eds.), Springer: Cham, 2017, pp. 199\u2013217, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45648-5_11\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45648-5_11<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alia Gana, \u201cThe Rural and Agricultural Roots of the Tunisian Revolution: When Food Security Matters\u201d, <em>The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture\u00a0 Food<\/em> 19, no. 2 (2012), pp. 201\u2013213, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-01165135v1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-01165135v1<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marcel Kuper, Pierre-Louis Mayaux and Ahmed Benmihoub, \u201cThe Persistent Appeal of the California Agricultural Dream in North Africa\u201d, <em>Water Alternatives<\/em> 16, no. 1 (2023) pp. 39\u201364, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/vol16\/v16issue1\/689-a16-1-6\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/vol16\/v16issue1\/689-a16-1-6<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Farah Boussi, \u201cImpact of Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism, and Transportation on Environmental Quality in the Middle East and North Africa region\u201d, <em>International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research<\/em> 10, no. 8 (2025) pp. 3330\u20133367, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46609\/IJSSER.2025.v10i08.021\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46609\/IJSSER.2025.v10i08.021<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 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\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Abren Gelaw and Mulugeta Debele, \u201cInternational Water Conventions, the Exploitation of Trans-Boundary Rivers and the Nile Water Dispute among Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt\u201d, <em>Heliyon<\/em> 10, no. 21 (2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38671\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38671<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alessandro Tinti, \u201cScales of Justice: Large Dams and Water Rights in the Tigris\u2013Euphrates Basin\u201d,\u00a0<em>Policy and Society<\/em> 42, no. 2 (2023) pp. 184\u2013196,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/polsoc\/puad003\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/polsoc\/puad003<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohammad Abu Awash and Adel Abdel Ghafar, <em>Water Diplomacy: How to Prevent Water Wars in the MENA Region<\/em>, Issue Brief, Middle East Council, January 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/water-diplomacy-how-to-prevent-water-wars-in-the-mena-region\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/water-diplomacy-how-to-prevent-water-wars-in-the-mena-region<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohammadreza Dehshiri and Hamed Hekmatara, \u201cWater Diplomacy and Water Disputes in the Maghreb Region\u201d, <em>Technium Social Sciences Journal<\/em> 10 (2020) pp. 530\u2013543, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47577\/tssj.v10i1.1329\">https:doi.org\/10.47577\/tssj.v10i1.1329<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 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\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 &#8211; \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hall,\u201cSurviving Scarcity\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohammed Mahmoud,\u201cThe Looming Climate and Water Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa\u201d, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 19 April 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/tw7633nk\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/tw7633nk<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sowers,\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>1.2.\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41677_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hussein,\u201cLifting the Veil\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41677_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41677_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41677_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41677_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_41677_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dominick de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional Solutions<\/em>, World Bank, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1739-7\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1739-7<\/span><\/a> [de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>]; According to this report, by 2030, it is expected that the water available per capita in the region will fall below 500 cubic meters per person per year, which will be below the absolute water scarcity threshold.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Leila M. Harris et al., \u201cWater Justice: Key Concepts, Debates and Research Agendas\u201d, in <em>The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice<\/em>, Ryan Holifield, Jayajit Chakraborty and Gordon Walker (eds.)<em>, <\/em>Routledge, 2017. [Harris et al., \u201cWater Justice\u201d]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, <em>Groundwater in the Arab Region<\/em>, ESCWA Water Development Report 9, United Nations, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4000563?v=pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4000563?v=pdf<\/span><\/a> [ESCWA, <em>Groundwater in the Arab Region<\/em>]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marcel Kuper et al., \u201cLiberation or Anarchy? The Janus Nature of Groundwater Use on North Africa\u2019s New Irrigation Frontiers\u201d, in <em>Integrated Groundwater Management: Concepts, Approaches and Challenges<\/em>, A. Jakeman, O. Barreteau, R. Hunt, J. D. Rinaudo, &amp; A. Ross (eds.),\u00a0Springer, 2016, pp. 583\u2013615, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23576-9_23\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23576-9_23<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 100 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 700 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 21 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeannie Sowers,\u00a0\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity in the Middle East\u201d,\u00a0<em>Middle East Report, no.<\/em>\u00a0271 (Summer 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2014\/07\/water-energy-and-human-insecurity-in-the-middle-east\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2014\/07\/water-energy-and-human-insecurity-in-the-middle-east\/<\/span><\/a> [Sowers,\u00a0\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity\u201d]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hussam Hussein, \u201cLifting the Veil: Unpacking the discourse of Water Scarcity in Jordan\u201d, <em>Environmental Science &amp; Policy<\/em> 89 (2018) pp. 385\u2013392, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.09.007\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.09.007<\/span><\/a> [Hussein, \u201cLifting the Veil\u201d]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eric Swyngedouw and Joe Williams, \u201cFrom Spain\u2019s Hydro-Deadlock to the Desalination Fix\u201d, <em>Water International<\/em> 41, no. 1 (2016) pp. 54\u201373, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508060.2016.1107705\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508060.2016.1107705<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637&#8221;\u060c CSIS\u060c 22 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2024\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/features.csis.org\/surviving-scarcity-water-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/features.csis.org\/surviving-scarcity-water-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/<\/span><\/a> [\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629&#8221;]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abdeslam Boudhar et al., \u201cAssessment of Virtual Water Flows in Morocco\u2019s Foreign Trade of Crop Products\u201d,\u00a0<em>Resources<\/em>\u00a012, no. 4 (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources12040049\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources12040049<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Antonelli, Francesco Laio and Stefania Tamea, \u201cWater Resources, Food Security and the Role of Virtual Water Trade in the MENA Region\u201d, in\u00a0<em>Environmental Change And Human Security in Africa and the Middle East,<\/em> Mohamed Behnassi and Katriona McGlade (eds.), Springer: Cham, 2017, pp. 199\u2013217, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45648-5_11\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45648-5_11<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alia Gana, \u201cThe Rural and Agricultural Roots of the Tunisian Revolution: When Food Security Matters\u201d, <em>The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture\u00a0 Food<\/em> 19, no. 2 (2012), pp. 201\u2013213, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-01165135v1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-01165135v1<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marcel Kuper, Pierre-Louis Mayaux and Ahmed Benmihoub, \u201cThe Persistent Appeal of the California Agricultural Dream in North Africa\u201d, <em>Water Alternatives<\/em> 16, no. 1 (2023) pp. 39\u201364, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/vol16\/v16issue1\/689-a16-1-6\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.water-alternatives.org\/index.php\/alldoc\/articles\/vol16\/v16issue1\/689-a16-1-6<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Farah Boussi, \u201cImpact of Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism, and Transportation on Environmental Quality in the Middle East and North Africa region\u201d, <em>International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research<\/em> 10, no. 8 (2025) pp. 3330\u20133367, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46609\/IJSSER.2025.v10i08.021\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46609\/IJSSER.2025.v10i08.021<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de Waal et al., <em>The Economics of Water Scarcity<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abren Gelaw and Mulugeta Debele, \u201cInternational Water Conventions, the Exploitation of Trans-Boundary Rivers and the Nile Water Dispute among Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt\u201d, <em>Heliyon<\/em> 10, no. 21 (2024), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38671\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38671<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alessandro Tinti, \u201cScales of Justice: Large Dams and Water Rights in the Tigris\u2013Euphrates Basin\u201d,\u00a0<em>Policy and Society<\/em> 42, no. 2 (2023) pp. 184\u2013196,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/polsoc\/puad003\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/polsoc\/puad003<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohammad Abu Awash and Adel Abdel Ghafar, <em>Water Diplomacy: How to Prevent Water Wars in the MENA Region<\/em>, Issue Brief, Middle East Council, January 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/water-diplomacy-how-to-prevent-water-wars-in-the-mena-region\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/water-diplomacy-how-to-prevent-water-wars-in-the-mena-region<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohammadreza Dehshiri and Hamed Hekmatara, \u201cWater Diplomacy and Water Disputes in the Maghreb Region\u201d, <em>Technium Social Sciences Journal<\/em> 10 (2020) pp. 530\u2013543, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47577\/tssj.v10i1.1329\">https:doi.org\/10.47577\/tssj.v10i1.1329<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hall,\u201cSurviving Scarcity\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohammed Mahmoud,\u201cThe Looming Climate and Water Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa\u201d, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 19 April 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/tw7633nk\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/tw7633nk<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sowers,\u201cWater, Energy and Human Insecurity\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41677_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41677_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41677_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hussein,\u201cLifting the Veil\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_41677_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41677_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41677_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_41677_1() { 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