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\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646..<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A. Reza Hoshmand and Dany Abdul Hafiz Doueiri, \u201cThe Historical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy in Lebanon\u201d, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21, no. 4, 1998 (Hoshmand and Doueiri, \u201cHistorical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u0644\u0643&#8221;. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643&#8221; \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Musha\u2019 lands are agricultural commons jointly owned by the community and subject to light taxation, as defined in the 1858 Land Code. For more, see Petra Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine: The Case of Lebanon, Arab Land Initiative, 2022 (Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a (1920-1943)\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a R\u00e9gie de Travaux du Cadastre et d\u2019Am\u00e9nagement Fonci\u00e8re \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Elizabeth Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre, Producing the Fellah: Technologies and Discourses of Rule in French Mandate Syria and Lebanon\u201d, in The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates, 2015 (Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1930\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Petra Samaha, \u201cWhen Land Became Property in Lebanon. The Transformation of Land Codes Since 1858 and its Implications on Planning and Public Lands\u201d, Planning Perspectives, 2025, pp. 1-25.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Abdallah Hanna, \u201cThe Attitude of the French Mandatory Authorities Towards Land Ownership in Syria\u201d, in The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives, 2004, pp. 457-475.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 78 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hoshmand and Doueiri, \u201cHistorical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy\u201d; Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1939 \u0643\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Saker El Nour, Cynthia Gharios, Martha Mundy, and Rami Zurayk, \u201cLe droit au village? Concept et histoire dans un village du Sud-Liban\u201d (French), Justice spatiale\/Spatial justice, Vol 7, 2015.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 7\u060c 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c 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Land as a Cash Machine.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Samar Farhat, \u201cSustainable Land Development and Management in Rural Areas: The Case of Kafra, South Lebanon\u201d, Master\u2019s thesis, American University of Beirut, 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tala Alaeddine and Abir Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice: The Case of Publicly Owned Properties in Lebanon\u201d, Middle Eastern Cities in a Time of Climate Crisis, CEDEJ &#8211; \u00c9gypte\/Soudan, 2022, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/books.cedej.8569\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/books.cedej.8569<\/span><\/a> (Alaeddine and Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fawaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon, Pluto Press, 2015, (Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pierre Blanc, Proche-Orient, Le pouvoir, la terre et l\u2019eau (French), Presses de Sciences Po, 2012, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/proche-orient--9782724612615-page-51?lang=fr\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/proche-orient&#8211;9782724612615-page-51?lang=fr<\/span><\/a> (Blanc, Proche-Orient).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pierre Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban: Entre contraintes g\u00e9opolitiques et retrait du politique\u201d (French), Maghreb &#8211; Machrek, Vol. 215, no.1, pp. 81-99, 2013, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr.215.0081\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr.215.0081<\/span><\/a> (Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1950 \u06481974\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 20 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064855 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648 22 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 66 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 73 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 34 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 61 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u066a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Toufic Gaspard, A Political Economy of Lebanon, 1948-2002: The Limits of Laissez-Faire, BRILL, 2003.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1975-1990)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062d\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hannes Baumann, Citizen Hariri: Lebanon\u2019s Neo-Liberal Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 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});<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u062f\u0649 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Pierre Blanc, Ronald Jaubert, and Myriam Saad\u00e9-Sbeih, \u201cDe part et d\u2019autre de la fronti\u00e8re libano-syrienne : les mutations de l\u2019agriculture du Haut Oronte\u201d (French), Confluences M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Vol. 92, no.1, 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 25 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 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\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">William Thomson, Cynthia Gharios and Rami Zurayk, \u201cFrom silk to concrete: exploring the socio-spatial aspects of the Agrarian question(s) in Mount Lebanon\u201d, The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 50, no.4, 2023 (Thomson et al., \u201cFrom silk to concrete\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salim Nasr, \u201cBackdrop to Civil War: The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism\u201d, MERIP Reports, Vol. 73, 1978.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 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\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rossana Tufaro, \u201cThe Intif\u0101\u1e0dat Al-Dikh\u0101n: Elements of Peasant Conflict in the South of Lebanon on the Eve of the Civil War\u201d, Rivista Degli Studi Orientali XCVI, Vol. 2, no. 4, 2023.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Abed Al Kareem Yehya, Thanh Thi Nguyen, Martin Wiehle, Rami Zurayk and Andreas Buerkert, \u201cSix Decades of Rural Landscape Transformation in Five Lebanese Villages\u201d, Land, Vol. 14, no. 2, 2025.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomson et al., \u201cFrom silk to concrete\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064d \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Blanc, Proche-Orient.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060c \u064a\u0632\u0631\u0639 70 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a 4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 6 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Lebanese Republic Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon National Agriculture Strategy\u2014NAS 2020-2025, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kanj Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture: Dynamics of Contraction in the Absence of Public Vision and Policies\u201d, 2019, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annd.org\/data\/file\/files\/13%20lebanon%20.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.annd.org\/data\/file\/files\/13%20lebanon%20.pdf<\/span><\/a> (Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 (\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0648) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0649 8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See FAO &amp; ILO, Skills Development for Inclusive Growth in the Lebanese Agriculture Sector, 2020, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/494d5382-9980-4bfb-b81f-afb67bf6c857\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/494d5382-9980-4bfb-b81f-afb67bf6c857<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 58 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See World Bank, Lebanon Poverty and Equity Assessment: Weathering a Protracted Crisis, 2024, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099052224104516741\/pdf\/P1766511325da10a71ab6b1ae97816dd20c.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099052224104516741\/pdf\/P1766511325da10a71ab6b1ae97816dd20c.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nur Arafeh and Mayssoun Sukarieh, \u201cBreaking the Cycle: Toward a New Imaginary of the Food System in Lebanon\u201d, The Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, 2023, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2023\/07\/breaking-the-cycle-toward-a-new-imaginary-of-the-food-system-in-lebanon?lang=en\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2023\/07\/breaking-the-cycle-toward-a-new-imaginary-of-the-food-system-in-lebanon?lang=en<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 200 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 80 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kanj Hamade, \u201cAgriculture as a key to the resilience of Lebanon rural areas to the effect of the Syrian Crisis\u201d, CIHEAM Watch Letter 36, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 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\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">38<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon; Albert Turquieh, \u201cD\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et planification au Liban: 1958-1970\u201d (French), Monde Arabe, Vol. 57 no.3, 1978, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr1.057.0072;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr1.057.0072;<\/span> <\/a>Blanc, Proche-Orient; Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a 26 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2020\/12\/lebanons-food-insecurity-and-the-path-toward-agricultural-reform?lang=en&amp;center=middle-east\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2020\/12\/lebanons-food-insecurity-and-the-path-toward-agricultural-reform?lang=en&amp;center=middle-east<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0641 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\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">42<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Magaphone, \u201cThe law regulating the seed trade: The war between traders and the government against the \u2018public environmental interest\u2019\u201d (in Arabic), 29 November 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/megaphone.news\/oped\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646-\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645-\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/megaphone.news\/oped\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646-\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645-\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/a> (Megaphone, \u201cThe Law regulating the seed trade\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 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\u201cThe Law regulating the seed trade\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> )<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0646\u062c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">44<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hamade, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">45<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Colin Ray Anderson et al., \u201cFrom Transition to Domains of Transformation: Getting to Sustainable and Just Food Systems through Agroecology,\u201d Sustainability, Vol. 11 no. 9, 2019; Hannah Wittman, Dana James, \u201cLand governance for agroecology,\u201d Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, Vol. 10 no. 1, 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">46<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michael Lipton, Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs, Routledge, 2009.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">47<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ESCWA, \u201cRedistributive Land Reform; Redistributive Reform\u201d, 27 September 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sd-glossary\/redistributive-land-reform-redistributive-reform\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sd-glossary\/redistributive-land-reform-redistributive-reform<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">48<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alaeddine and Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice\u201d.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Albert Kostanian, \u201cPrivatization of Lebanon\u2019s Public Assets: No Miracle Solution for the Crisis\u201d, Issam Fares Institute, American University of Beirut, 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/research_reports\/2020-2021\/20210222_Privatization_of_Lebanon_Public_Assets_Research_Report.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/research_reports\/2020-2021\/20210222_Privatization_of_Lebanon_Public_Assets_Research_Report.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 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belongs to those who cultivate it: The rights holders of in Shabriha\u201d, Public Works Studio 16 July 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/land-belongs-to-those-who-cultivate-it\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/land-belongs-to-those-who-cultivate-it\/<\/span><\/a>; Public Works Studio, \u201cDistribution of Private State Property in Tyre City, Borj Ech-Chemali and Aabbassiye\u201d, 12 May 2023, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/distribution-of-private-state-property-in-tyre-borj-ech-chemali-aabbassiye\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/distribution-of-private-state-property-in-tyre-borj-ech-chemali-aabbassiye\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 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\u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41570_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">54<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gabriel Ondetti, \u201cThe social function of property, land rights and social welfare in Brazil\u201d, Land Use Policy, Vol. 50, 2016; Interview with Tala Alaeddine.<\/span><\/span><script 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">56<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Steve Gliessman, \u201cDefining Agroecology\u201d, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, Vol. 42 no. 6, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41570_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41570_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41570_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41570_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_41570_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A. Reza Hoshmand and Dany Abdul Hafiz Doueiri, \u201cThe Historical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy in Lebanon\u201d, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21, no. 4, 1998 (Hoshmand and Doueiri, \u201cHistorical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Musha\u2019 lands are agricultural commons jointly owned by the community and subject to light taxation, as defined in the 1858 Land Code. For more, see Petra Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine: The Case of Lebanon, Arab Land Initiative, 2022 (Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elizabeth Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre, Producing the Fellah: Technologies and Discourses of Rule in French Mandate Syria and Lebanon\u201d, in The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates, 2015 (Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Petra Samaha, \u201cWhen Land Became Property in Lebanon. The Transformation of Land Codes Since 1858 and its Implications on Planning and Public Lands\u201d, Planning Perspectives, 2025, pp. 1-25.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abdallah Hanna, \u201cThe Attitude of the French Mandatory Authorities Towards Land Ownership in Syria\u201d, in The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives, 2004, pp. 457-475.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hoshmand and Doueiri, \u201cHistorical Dimensions of Agricultural Policy\u201d; Williams, \u201cMapping the Cadastre\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Saker El Nour, Cynthia Gharios, Martha Mundy, and Rami Zurayk, \u201cLe droit au village? Concept et histoire dans un village du Sud-Liban\u201d (French), Justice spatiale\/Spatial justice, Vol 7, 2015.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 7\u060c 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samar Farhat, \u201cSustainable Land Development and Management in Rural Areas: The Case of Kafra, South Lebanon\u201d, Master\u2019s thesis, American University of Beirut, 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tala Alaeddine and Abir Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice: The Case of Publicly Owned Properties in Lebanon\u201d, Middle Eastern Cities in a Time of Climate Crisis, CEDEJ &#8211; \u00c9gypte\/Soudan, 2022, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/books.cedej.8569\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/books.cedej.8569<\/span><\/a> (Alaeddine and Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fawaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon, Pluto Press, 2015, (Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pierre Blanc, Proche-Orient, Le pouvoir, la terre et l\u2019eau (French), Presses de Sciences Po, 2012, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/proche-orient--9782724612615-page-51?lang=fr\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/proche-orient&#8211;9782724612615-page-51?lang=fr<\/span><\/a> (Blanc, Proche-Orient).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pierre Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban: Entre contraintes g\u00e9opolitiques et retrait du politique\u201d (French), Maghreb &#8211; Machrek, Vol. 215, no.1, pp. 81-99, 2013, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr.215.0081\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr.215.0081<\/span><\/a> (Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Toufic Gaspard, A Political Economy of Lebanon, 1948-2002: The Limits of Laissez-Faire, BRILL, 2003.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hannes Baumann, Citizen Hariri: Lebanon\u2019s Neo-Liberal Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samaha, Land as a Cash Machine.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kanj Hamade, Pierre Blanc, Ronald Jaubert, and Myriam Saad\u00e9-Sbeih, \u201cDe part et d\u2019autre de la fronti\u00e8re libano-syrienne : les mutations de l\u2019agriculture du Haut Oronte\u201d (French), Confluences M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Vol. 92, no.1, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">William Thomson, Cynthia Gharios and Rami Zurayk, \u201cFrom silk to concrete: exploring the socio-spatial aspects of the Agrarian question(s) in Mount Lebanon\u201d, The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 50, no.4, 2023 (Thomson et al., \u201cFrom silk to concrete\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salim Nasr, \u201cBackdrop to Civil War: The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism\u201d, MERIP Reports, Vol. 73, 1978.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rossana Tufaro, \u201cThe Intif\u0101\u1e0dat Al-Dikh\u0101n: Elements of Peasant Conflict in the South of Lebanon on the Eve of the Civil War\u201d, Rivista Degli Studi Orientali XCVI, Vol. 2, no. 4, 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abed Al Kareem Yehya, Thanh Thi Nguyen, Martin Wiehle, Rami Zurayk and Andreas Buerkert, \u201cSix Decades of Rural Landscape Transformation in Five Lebanese Villages\u201d, Land, Vol. 14, no. 2, 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomson et al., \u201cFrom silk to concrete\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Blanc, Proche-Orient.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Lebanese Republic Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon National Agriculture Strategy\u2014NAS 2020-2025, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kanj Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture: Dynamics of Contraction in the Absence of Public Vision and Policies\u201d, 2019, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annd.org\/data\/file\/files\/13%20lebanon%20.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.annd.org\/data\/file\/files\/13%20lebanon%20.pdf<\/span><\/a> (Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gherbal Initiative, Political Figures\u2019 Properties, 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/elgherbal.org\/political-properties;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/elgherbal.org\/political-properties;<\/span> <\/a>Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hamade, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Agriculture\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See FAO &amp; ILO, Skills Development for Inclusive Growth in the Lebanese Agriculture Sector, 2020, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/494d5382-9980-4bfb-b81f-afb67bf6c857\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/494d5382-9980-4bfb-b81f-afb67bf6c857<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See World Bank, Lebanon Poverty and Equity Assessment: Weathering a Protracted Crisis, 2024, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099052224104516741\/pdf\/P1766511325da10a71ab6b1ae97816dd20c.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099052224104516741\/pdf\/P1766511325da10a71ab6b1ae97816dd20c.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nur Arafeh and Mayssoun Sukarieh, \u201cBreaking the Cycle: Toward a New Imaginary of the Food System in Lebanon\u201d, The Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, 2023, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2023\/07\/breaking-the-cycle-toward-a-new-imaginary-of-the-food-system-in-lebanon?lang=en\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2023\/07\/breaking-the-cycle-toward-a-new-imaginary-of-the-food-system-in-lebanon?lang=en<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kanj Hamade, \u201cAgriculture as a key to the resilience of Lebanon rural areas to the effect of the Syrian Crisis\u201d, CIHEAM Watch Letter 36, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon; Albert Turquieh, \u201cD\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et planification au Liban: 1958-1970\u201d (French), Monde Arabe, Vol. 57 no.3, 1978, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr1.057.0072;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/machr1.057.0072;<\/span> <\/a>Blanc, Proche-Orient; Blanc, \u201cL\u2019agriculture au Liban\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a 26 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kanj Hamad\u00e9, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Food Insecurity and the Path Toward Agricultural Reform\u201d, Carnegie Middle East Center, 13 November 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2020\/12\/lebanons-food-insecurity-and-the-path-toward-agricultural-reform?lang=en&amp;center=middle-east\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2020\/12\/lebanons-food-insecurity-and-the-path-toward-agricultural-reform?lang=en&amp;center=middle-east<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Magaphone, \u201cThe law regulating the seed trade: The war between traders and the government against the \u2018public environmental interest\u2019\u201d (in Arabic), 29 November 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/megaphone.news\/oped\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646-\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645-\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/megaphone.news\/oped\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646-\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645-\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/a> (Megaphone, \u201cThe Law regulating the seed trade\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">(Megaphone, \u201cThe Law regulating the seed trade\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hamade, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Colin Ray Anderson et al., \u201cFrom Transition to Domains of Transformation: Getting to Sustainable and Just Food Systems through Agroecology,\u201d Sustainability, Vol. 11 no. 9, 2019; Hannah Wittman, Dana James, \u201cLand governance for agroecology,\u201d Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, Vol. 10 no. 1, 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michael Lipton, Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs, Routledge, 2009.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ESCWA, \u201cRedistributive Land Reform; Redistributive Reform\u201d, 27 September 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sd-glossary\/redistributive-land-reform-redistributive-reform\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sd-glossary\/redistributive-land-reform-redistributive-reform<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alaeddine and Saksouk, \u201cLand Policy and Environmental Justice\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Albert Kostanian, \u201cPrivatization of Lebanon\u2019s Public Assets: No Miracle Solution for the Crisis\u201d, Issam Fares Institute, American University of Beirut, 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/research_reports\/2020-2021\/20210222_Privatization_of_Lebanon_Public_Assets_Research_Report.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/research_reports\/2020-2021\/20210222_Privatization_of_Lebanon_Public_Assets_Research_Report.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a 15 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nadine Bekdache and Jana Haidar, \u201cLand belongs to those who cultivate it: The rights holders of in Shabriha\u201d, Public Works Studio 16 July 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/land-belongs-to-those-who-cultivate-it\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/land-belongs-to-those-who-cultivate-it\/<\/span><\/a>; Public Works Studio, \u201cDistribution of Private State Property in Tyre City, Borj Ech-Chemali and Aabbassiye\u201d, 12 May 2023, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/distribution-of-private-state-property-in-tyre-borj-ech-chemali-aabbassiye\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/en\/distribution-of-private-state-property-in-tyre-borj-ech-chemali-aabbassiye\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gabriel Ondetti, \u201cThe social function of property, land rights and social welfare in Brazil\u201d, Land Use Policy, Vol. 50, 2016; Interview with Tala Alaeddine.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Steve Gliessman, \u201cDefining Agroecology\u201d, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, Vol. 42 no. 6, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41570_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41570_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41570_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0623\u0643\u0644\u201d \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633: \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 24 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 <a 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