{"id":41109,"date":"2025-12-19T13:02:59","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T12:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=41109"},"modified":"2026-01-06T17:57:31","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T16:57:31","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%ba%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%ba%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hlaoui, Sarra. \u201cTunisie Pr\u00e9sidentielle 2019 : Pourquoi Kais Saied a gagn\u00e9.\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/BusinessNews.com.tn\">BusinessNews.com.tn<\/a> 15 November 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yousfi, H\u00e8la.\u00a0<em>Trade Unions and Arab Revolutions : The Tunisian Case of UGTT<\/em>. Routledge, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bellin, Eva Rana. <em>Stalled Democracy : Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development<\/em>. Cornell University Press, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7591\/9781501722127\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7591\/9781501722127<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1955 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Achour Habib 1989. Habib Achour: Ma vie politique et syndicale, enthousiasme et deceptions,1944-1981. Alif-Editions de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e; Kra\u00efem, Mustapha. 2011. Etat et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la Tunisie Bourguibienne. La Maghr\u00e9bine pour l&#8217;Impression et la Publication du Livre<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yousfi, H\u00e8la.\u00a0<em>Trade Unions and Arab Revolutions : The Tunisian Case of UGTT<\/em>. Routledge, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Beinin, Joel. 2015. Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Stanford University Press<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u2013 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060c \u0633\u062e\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anderson, Ashley. 2025. Labor Unions and Democratic Unrest in North Africa: Protest and Resistance in Tunisia and Morocco, Cambridge University Press; Beinin, Joel. 2015. Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, Stanford University Press ; Yousfi, Hela. 2015. L\u2019UGTT, Une Passion Tunisienne : Enqu\u00eate Sur Les Syndicalistes En R\u00e9volution, 2011-2014. Med Ali \u00c9dition.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hartshorn, Ian M. 2019. Labor Politics in North Africa: After the Uprising in Egypt and Tunisia. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1978 \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kra\u00efem,\u00a0Mustapha. 2011. <em>Etat et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la Tunisie Bourguibienne<\/em>. La Maghr\u00e9bine pour l&#8217;Impression et la Publication du Livre.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625<em>\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <\/em>\u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anderson, Ashley. 2025. Labor Unions and Democratic Unrest in North Africa: Protest and Resistance in Tunisia and Morocco. Cambridge University Press; Ben Azizia, Hatem, \u201cUGTT: Le Tournant d\u00e9mocratique,\u201d R\u00e9alit\u00e9s, 20 February 2002<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hartshorn, Ian M. 2019. Labor Politics in North Africa: After the Uprising in Egypt and Tunisia, Cambridge University Press<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41109_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646: Ben Rajeb, Mohamed. \u201cThe decline of Tunisia&#8217;s most powerful trade union.\u201d <em>Qantara, <\/em>7 April 2025.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2025\/02\/11\/tunisia-ugtt-threatened-in-its-very-existence<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPrime Minister ends practice of placing employees at disposal of trade unions (Circular No. 11)\u201d Agence Tunisie Afrique Presse, 14 August 2025, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tap.info.tn\/en\/Portal-Top-News-EN\/19105065-prime-minister-ends<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a 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\u0644\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/ar\/media-news\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%b4%d9%81-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/ar\/media-news\/arab-barometer-reveal-findings-from-major-tunisia-survey\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41109_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 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class=\"simple-translate-panel \" style=\"width: 300px; height: 200px; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 13px;\">\n<div class=\"simple-translate-result-wrapper\" style=\"overflow: hidden;\">\n<div class=\"simple-translate-move\" draggable=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simple-translate-result-contents\">\n<p class=\"simple-translate-candidate\" dir=\"auto\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41109_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41109_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41109_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_41109_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 21 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/echaabnews.tn\/ar\/article\/34603\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/echaabnews.tn\/ar\/article\/34603\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTunisia: Arrest of Lassaad Yacoubi in a speculation case\u201d Webdo.tn, 9 October 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639: \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.&#8221; <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pm.gov.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-08\/25-11.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hlaoui, Sarra. \u201cTunisie Pr\u00e9sidentielle 2019 : Pourquoi Kais Saied a gagn\u00e9.\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/BusinessNews.com.tn\">BusinessNews.com.tn<\/a> 15 November 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOrganisations and trade unions announce their support for people\u2019s demands,\u201d Tunis Afrique Presse 27 July 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202107280305.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202107280305.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Emrhod-Consulting-178242572212927\/photos\/pcb.4125763030794175\/4125761147461030\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639<\/a> \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 26 \u0625\u0644\u0649 28 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 87 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0648\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Emrhod-Consulting-178242572212927\/photos\/pcb.4313732511997225\/4313730571997419\">\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/a> (29 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 &#8211; 1 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 69 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f 117 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 2014\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647. Yosra Ouanes, \u201cTunisie: le d\u00e9cret relatif au r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur une nouvelle Constitution\u00a0\u2018ne nous engage pas\u2019, dit la centrale syndicale,\u201d <em>Agence Andalou <\/em>25 May 2022; \u201cTunisia union to boycott President Saied\u2019s national dialogue,\u201d <em>Al-Jazeera <\/em>23 May 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/5\/23\/tunisia-union-calls-for-strike-rejects-president-dialogue-move\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/5\/23\/tunisia-union-calls-for-strike-rejects-president-dialogue-move<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTunisia trade union \u2018no longer accepts\u2019 the president\u2019s agenda,\u201d Al-Jazeera, 3 December 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/12\/3\/tunisia-trade-union-no-longer-accepts-presidents-agenda\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/12\/3\/tunisia-trade-union-no-longer-accepts-presidents-agenda<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u201cTunisia: Cybercrime decree used against critics,\u201d Human Rights Watch, 7 November 2023, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/12\/19\/tunisia-cybercrime-decree-used-against-critics<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c&#8221; <em>\u0639\u0631\u0628 <\/em>\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 19 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/arab.news\/wuhg4<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hedoui, Khaled, \u201cPresident Saied hints at opening corruption probes of Tunisia\u2019s largest labour union,\u201d The Arab Weekly, 11 August 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/president-saied-hints-opening-corruption-probes-tunisias-largest-labour-union\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/president-saied-hints-opening-corruption-probes-tunisias-largest-labour-union<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2025\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 7.5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: <span class=\"s1\">The new minimum wage in Tunisia: what changes for salaries in the private and public sectors,\u201d La Presse, 26 January 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lapresse.tn\/2025\/01\/26\/le-nouveau-smig-en-tunisie-ce-qui-change-pour-les-salaires-dans-les-secteurs-prive-et-public\/\"><span class=\"s2\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lapresse.tn\/2025\/01\/26\/le-nouveau-smig-en-tunisie-ce-qui-change-pour-les-salaires-dans-les-secteurs-prive-et-public\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2025-9 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e 21 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 61 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yousfi, H\u00e8la.\u00a0<em>Trade Unions and Arab Revolutions : The Tunisian Case of UGTT<\/em>. Routledge, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bellin, Eva Rana. <em>Stalled Democracy : Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development<\/em>. Cornell University Press, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7591\/9781501722127\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7591\/9781501722127<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Achour Habib 1989. Habib Achour: Ma vie politique et syndicale, enthousiasme et deceptions,1944-1981. Alif-Editions de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e; Kra\u00efem, Mustapha. 2011. Etat et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la Tunisie Bourguibienne. La Maghr\u00e9bine pour l&#8217;Impression et la Publication du Livre<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yousfi, H\u00e8la.\u00a0<em>Trade Unions and Arab Revolutions : The Tunisian Case of UGTT<\/em>. Routledge, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Beinin, Joel. 2015. Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Stanford University Press<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anderson, Ashley. 2025. Labor Unions and Democratic Unrest in North Africa: Protest and Resistance in Tunisia and Morocco, Cambridge University Press; Beinin, Joel. 2015. Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, Stanford University Press ; Yousfi, Hela. 2015. L\u2019UGTT, Une Passion Tunisienne : Enqu\u00eate Sur Les Syndicalistes En R\u00e9volution, 2011-2014. Med Ali \u00c9dition.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hartshorn, Ian M. 2019. Labor Politics in North Africa: After the Uprising in Egypt and Tunisia. Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kra\u00efem,\u00a0Mustapha. 2011. <em>Etat et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la Tunisie Bourguibienne<\/em>. La Maghr\u00e9bine pour l&#8217;Impression et la Publication du Livre.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anderson, Ashley. 2025. Labor Unions and Democratic Unrest in North Africa: Protest and Resistance in Tunisia and Morocco. Cambridge University Press; Ben Azizia, Hatem, \u201cUGTT: Le Tournant d\u00e9mocratique,\u201d R\u00e9alit\u00e9s, 20 February 2002<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hartshorn, Ian M. 2019. Labor Politics in North Africa: After the Uprising in Egypt and Tunisia, Cambridge University Press<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bishara, Dina, and Sharan Grewal. \u201cPolitical, Not Partisan: The Tunisian General Labor Union under Democracy\u201d, Comparative Politics, 54, no. 3 (2022) 453\u2013475<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c 10 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646: Ben Rajeb, Mohamed. \u201cThe decline of Tunisia&#8217;s most powerful trade union.\u201d <em>Qantara, <\/em>7 April 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ouerfelli, Majdi. \u201cTunisia: UGTT threatened in its very existence.\u201d <em>Nawaat<\/em>, 11 February 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2025\/02\/11\/tunisia-ugtt-threatened-in-its-very-existence\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2025\/02\/11\/tunisia-ugtt-threatened-in-its-very-existence<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Presidence.tn\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639&#8221;\u060c <em>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 24\u060c <\/em>16 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2025<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPrime Minister ends practice of placing employees at disposal of trade unions (Circular No. 11)\u201d Agence Tunisie Afrique Presse, 14 August 2025, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tap.info.tn\/en\/Portal-Top-News-EN\/19105065-prime-minister-ends<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41109_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41109_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41109_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/ar\/media-news\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%b4%d9%81-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/ar\/media-news\/arab-barometer-reveal-findings-from-major-tunisia-survey\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_41109_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41109_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41109_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_41109_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41109_1').hide(); 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