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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gilles Jeannot, \u201cLes Usagers du Service Public\u201d, Politiques et Management Public 16, no. 4 (1998) pp. 171\u2013173, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n7udnhe\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n7udnhe<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 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href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-04910353\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-04910353<\/span><\/a> [Chaplain, \u201cD\u00e9sint\u00e9gration Sociotechnique\u201d]; Alix Chaplain and \u00c9ric Verdeil, \u201cGoverning Hybridized Electricity Systems: The Case of Decentralized Electricity in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Journal of Urban Technology<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2023) pp. 57\u201378, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2022.2105587\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2022.2105587<\/span><\/a>; \u00c9ric Verdeil and Sylvy Jaglin, \u201cElectrical Hybridizations in Cities of the South: From Heterogeneity to New Conceptualizations of Energy Transition\u201d, <em>Journal of Urban Technology<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2023) pp. 1\u201310, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2023.2172301\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2023.2172301<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), <em>Escalating Needs in Lebanon: A 2023 Overview<\/em>, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/escalating-needs-lebanon-2023-overview\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/escalating-needs-lebanon-2023-overview<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a 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<em>Flux<\/em> 1-2, no. 139-140 (2025) pp. 61-79, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/flux1.139.0061\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/flux1.139.0061<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 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\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_40249_1('footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_40249_1('footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mario Doueiry, \u201cThousands of Lebanese Households Unsubscribe from EDL\u201d, <em>L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, 13 March 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vfywb9t9\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vfywb9t9<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), \u201cPROSOL ELEC\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/anme.tn\/index.php\/fr\/project\/raccorde-en-bt\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/anme.tn\/index.php\/fr\/project\/raccorde-en-bt<\/span><\/a> consulted on the 9th of October 2025; \u00a0Laurence Rocher and Eric Verdeil, \u201cDynamics, Tensions, Resistance in Solar Energy Development in Tunisia\u201d, <em>Energy Research &amp; Social Science<\/em> 54 (2019) pp. 236\u2013244, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2019.04.010\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2019.04.010<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_40249_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 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\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_40249_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_40249_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_40249_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_40249_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 11 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b6%d9%89-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.comy24wn38bs<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 4 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a5%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl\/4y8f23c4<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gilles Jeannot, \u201cLes Usagers du Service Public\u201d, Politiques et Management Public 16, no. 4 (1998) pp. 171\u2013173, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n7udnhe\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/5n7udnhe<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alix Chaplain, \u201cD\u00e9sint\u00e9gration Sociotechnique et Territoriale au Liban : Le Cas de l\u2019\u00c9lectricit\u00e9\u201d, <em>Doctorat \u00c9tudes Urbaines<\/em>, Institut d&#8217;\u00c9tudes Politiques de Paris, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-04910353\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-04910353<\/span><\/a> [Chaplain, \u201cD\u00e9sint\u00e9gration Sociotechnique\u201d]; Alix Chaplain and \u00c9ric Verdeil, \u201cGoverning Hybridized Electricity Systems: The Case of Decentralized Electricity in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Journal of Urban Technology<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2023) pp. 57\u201378, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2022.2105587\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2022.2105587<\/span><\/a>; \u00c9ric Verdeil and Sylvy Jaglin, \u201cElectrical Hybridizations in Cities of the South: From Heterogeneity to New Conceptualizations of Energy Transition\u201d, <em>Journal of Urban Technology<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2023) pp. 1\u201310, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2023.2172301\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2023.2172301<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nizar Hariri et al., \u00c9tude Transversale des Pr\u00e9carit\u00e9s au Liban (1922-23), Institut Fran\u00e7ais du Proche-Orient (IFPO), 2024. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 690 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0645 2215 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), <em>Escalating Needs in Lebanon: A 2023 Overview<\/em>, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/escalating-needs-lebanon-2023-overview\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/escalating-needs-lebanon-2023-overview<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alix Chaplain, &#8220;Quand les D\u00e9fillances Infrastructurelles Recomposent les Solidarit\u00e9s Politiques : Les Fragmentations Libanaises au Prisme de l&#8217;Acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00c9lectricit\u00e9&#8221;, <em>Flux<\/em> 1-2, no. 139-140 (2025) pp. 61-79, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/flux1.139.0061\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/flux1.139.0061<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mario Doueiry, \u201cThousands of Lebanese Households Unsubscribe from EDL\u201d, <em>L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, 13 March 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vfywb9t9\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/vfywb9t9<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a (UNDP) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and CEDRO, <em>Sustainable Energy for Lebanese Villages and Communities: The Village 24 Initiative<\/em>, September 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/44fb57dj\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/44fb57dj<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC), \u201cLebanese Solar Water Heater Market Study: Update 2017 \u2013 2020\u201d, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/lcec.org.lb\/node\/4430\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lcec.org.lb\/node\/4430<\/span><\/a>; Chaplain, \u201cD\u00e9sint\u00e9gration Sociotechnique\u201d.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zeina Abla, Dana Abi Ghanem and Muzna Al-Masri, <em>I am, as You Can See, the Local Government, the Electricity Company and Much More: Building Committees as Spaces of Social Organizing in Beirut<\/em>, Ebla Research Collective, February 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/eblaresearch.org\/2024\/03\/read-our-research-report\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eblaresearch.org\/2024\/03\/read-our-research-report\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois-Mathieu Poupeau and Blanche Lormeteau (eds.), <em>Emergence de l\u2019Autoconsommation Collective d\u2019\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 en France : Mod\u00e8les et Perspectives<\/em>, Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-04296075v1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-04296075v1<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_40249_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_40249_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_40249_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), \u201cPROSOL ELEC\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/anme.tn\/index.php\/fr\/project\/raccorde-en-bt\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/anme.tn\/index.php\/fr\/project\/raccorde-en-bt<\/span><\/a> consulted on the 9th of October 2025; \u00a0Laurence Rocher and Eric Verdeil, \u201cDynamics, Tensions, Resistance in Solar Energy Development in Tunisia\u201d, <em>Energy Research &amp; Social Science<\/em> 54 (2019) pp. 236\u2013244, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2019.04.010\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2019.04.010<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_40249_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_40249_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_40249_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_40249_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_40249_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_40249_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_40249_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_40249_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_40249_1(); 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