{"id":39640,"date":"2025-09-05T11:12:47","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T09:12:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=39640"},"modified":"2025-09-05T18:38:15","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:38:15","slug":"%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u2013 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a (\u0639\u062f\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639! \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!&#8221;) \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Gregory Waters, \u201cLocal Governance in Post-Assad Syria: A Hybrid State Model for the Future?\u201d Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 15 July 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2025\/07\/local-governance-in-post-assad-syria-a-hybrid-state-model-for-the-future?lang=en\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2025\/07\/local-governance-in-post-assad-syria-a-hybrid-state-model-for-the-future?lang=en<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0627 153 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2002-2003 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Fadel Abdulghany, \u201cThe Path of Transitional Justice in Syria: Vision and Implementation\u201d, Syrian Network for Human Rights, 11 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/blog\/2025\/07\/11\/the-path-of-transitional-justice-in-syria-vision-and-implementation\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/blog\/2025\/07\/11\/the-path-of-transitional-justice-in-syria-vision-and-implementation\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 61 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe General Principles for Applying Justice, Truth, and Remedy in Syria from the Perspective of Civil Society and Survivor Groups\u201d, Syrian Legal Development Programme, 1 September 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sldp.ngo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/The-General-Principles-for-Applying-Justice-Truth-and-Remedy-in-Syria.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sldp.ngo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/The-General-Principles-for-Applying-Justice-Truth-and-Remedy-in-Syria.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 3 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/<\/span><\/a> \/<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cFlawed Accountability: Shortcomings of Tunisia\u2019s Trials for Killings during the Uprising\u201d, Human Rights Watch, 12 January 2015. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2015\/01\/12\/flawed-accountability\/shortcomings-tunisias-trials-killings-during-uprising\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2015\/01\/12\/flawed-accountability\/shortcomings-tunisias-trials-killings-during-uprising<\/span><\/a> ; \u201cMubarak\u2019s Verdict: A New Blow for the Justice System in Egypt,\u201d Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, 29 November 2014. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/eipr.org\/en\/press\/2014\/11\/mubarak%E2%80%99s-verdict-new-blow-justice-system-egypt\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eipr.org\/en\/press\/2014\/11\/mubarak%E2%80%99s-verdict-new-blow-justice-system-egypt<\/span><\/a>; \u201cLibya: Unfair Trial of Saif Al-Islam Gadhafi and Others a Missed Opportunity to Establish Truth, Violates Right to Life\u201d, International Commission of Jurists, 28 July 2015. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj.org\/libya-unfair-trial-of-saif-al-islam-gadhafi-and-others-a-missed-opportunity-to-establish-truth-violates-right-to-life\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.icj.org\/libya-unfair-trial-of-saif-al-islam-gadhafi-and-others-a-missed-opportunity-to-establish-truth-violates-right-to-life\/<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u2013 \u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8zvUK3HWHNc\">\u0628\u062b\u0647\u0627<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221; \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Timour Azhari and Feras Dalatey, \u201cSyria Is Secretly Reshaping Its Economy. The President\u2019s Brother Is in Charge\u201d, Reuters, 24 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigations\/syria-is-secretly-reshaping-its-economy-presidents-brother-is-charge-2025-07-24\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigations\/syria-is-secretly-reshaping-its-economy-presidents-brother-is-charge-2025-07-24\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0624\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Noha Aboueldahab, \u201cWriting Atrocities: Syrian Civil Society and Transitional Justice\u201d, Brookings Doha Center, 2018. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/transitional-justice-english_web.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/transitional-justice-english_web.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06332025 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u06482025\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Euan Ward, \u201cSyrian Inquiry Says Military Leaders Did Not Order Sectarian Killings in March\u201d, The New York Times, 22 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/22\/world\/middleeast\/syria-military-killings-human-rights.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/22\/world\/middleeast\/syria-military-killings-human-rights.html<\/span><\/a> ; \u201cSyria Forms Committee to Investigate Sweida Violence\u201d, Reuters, 1 August 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syria-forms-committee-investigate-sweida-violence-2025-08-01\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syria-forms-committee-investigate-sweida-violence-2025-08-01\/<\/span><\/a>; Tala Ramadan, \u201cSyria Detains Defence, Interior Ministry Members Suspected of Sweida Violence\u2019, Al-Monitor, 3 September 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2025\/09\/syria-detains-defence-interior-ministry-members-suspected-sweida-violence\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2025\/09\/syria-detains-defence-interior-ministry-members-suspected-sweida-violence<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/HussamHamoud\/status\/1886498406169784388\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629<\/a> \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u06312025\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a. \u0633\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d &#8211; \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_39640_1('footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Noha Aboueldahab, \u201cTrack II Diplomacy: How Can It Be More Effective?\u201d Middle East Council on Global Affairs, September 2022. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/trackii-diplomacy-how-can-it-be-more-effective\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/trackii-diplomacy-how-can-it-be-more-effective\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_39640_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0644 3-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_39640_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_39640_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_39640_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_39640_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Gregory Waters, \u201cLocal Governance in Post-Assad Syria: A Hybrid State Model for the Future?\u201d Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 15 July 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2025\/07\/local-governance-in-post-assad-syria-a-hybrid-state-model-for-the-future?lang=en\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2025\/07\/local-governance-in-post-assad-syria-a-hybrid-state-model-for-the-future?lang=en<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Fadel Abdulghany, \u201cThe Path of Transitional Justice in Syria: Vision and Implementation\u201d, Syrian Network for Human Rights, 11 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/blog\/2025\/07\/11\/the-path-of-transitional-justice-in-syria-vision-and-implementation\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/blog\/2025\/07\/11\/the-path-of-transitional-justice-in-syria-vision-and-implementation\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe General Principles for Applying Justice, Truth, and Remedy in Syria from the Perspective of Civil Society and Survivor Groups\u201d, Syrian Legal Development Programme, 1 September 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sldp.ngo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/The-General-Principles-for-Applying-Justice-Truth-and-Remedy-in-Syria.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sldp.ngo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/The-General-Principles-for-Applying-Justice-Truth-and-Remedy-in-Syria.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 3 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/<\/span><\/a> \/<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cFlawed Accountability: Shortcomings of Tunisia\u2019s Trials for Killings during the Uprising\u201d, Human Rights Watch, 12 January 2015. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2015\/01\/12\/flawed-accountability\/shortcomings-tunisias-trials-killings-during-uprising\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2015\/01\/12\/flawed-accountability\/shortcomings-tunisias-trials-killings-during-uprising<\/span><\/a> ; \u201cMubarak\u2019s Verdict: A New Blow for the Justice System in Egypt,\u201d Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, 29 November 2014. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/eipr.org\/en\/press\/2014\/11\/mubarak%E2%80%99s-verdict-new-blow-justice-system-egypt\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eipr.org\/en\/press\/2014\/11\/mubarak%E2%80%99s-verdict-new-blow-justice-system-egypt<\/span><\/a>; \u201cLibya: Unfair Trial of Saif Al-Islam Gadhafi and Others a Missed Opportunity to Establish Truth, Violates Right to Life\u201d, International Commission of Jurists, 28 July 2015. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj.org\/libya-unfair-trial-of-saif-al-islam-gadhafi-and-others-a-missed-opportunity-to-establish-truth-violates-right-to-life\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.icj.org\/libya-unfair-trial-of-saif-al-islam-gadhafi-and-others-a-missed-opportunity-to-establish-truth-violates-right-to-life\/<\/span><\/a> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Timour Azhari and Feras Dalatey, \u201cSyria Is Secretly Reshaping Its Economy. The President\u2019s Brother Is in Charge\u201d, Reuters, 24 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigations\/syria-is-secretly-reshaping-its-economy-presidents-brother-is-charge-2025-07-24\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigations\/syria-is-secretly-reshaping-its-economy-presidents-brother-is-charge-2025-07-24\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Noha Aboueldahab, \u201cWriting Atrocities: Syrian Civil Society and Transitional Justice\u201d, Brookings Doha Center, 2018. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/transitional-justice-english_web.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/transitional-justice-english_web.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Euan Ward, \u201cSyrian Inquiry Says Military Leaders Did Not Order Sectarian Killings in March\u201d, The New York Times, 22 July 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/22\/world\/middleeast\/syria-military-killings-human-rights.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/07\/22\/world\/middleeast\/syria-military-killings-human-rights.html<\/span><\/a> ; \u201cSyria Forms Committee to Investigate Sweida Violence\u201d, Reuters, 1 August 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syria-forms-committee-investigate-sweida-violence-2025-08-01\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/syria-forms-committee-investigate-sweida-violence-2025-08-01\/<\/span><\/a>; Tala Ramadan, \u201cSyria Detains Defence, Interior Ministry Members Suspected of Sweida Violence\u2019, Al-Monitor, 3 September 2025. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2025\/09\/syria-detains-defence-interior-ministry-members-suspected-sweida-violence\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/originals\/2025\/09\/syria-detains-defence-interior-ministry-members-suspected-sweida-violence<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_39640_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_39640_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Noha Aboueldahab, \u201cTrack II Diplomacy: How Can It Be More Effective?\u201d Middle East Council on Global Affairs, September 2022. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/trackii-diplomacy-how-can-it-be-more-effective\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/trackii-diplomacy-how-can-it-be-more-effective\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_39640_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_39640_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_39640_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_39640_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_39640_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_39640_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_39640_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_39640_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_39640_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_39640_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_39640_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_39640_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_39640_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_39640_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":39628,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[22],"tags":[446,14,294],"class_list":["post-39640","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-22","tag-446","tag-14","tag-294"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/39640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/39640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39644,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/39640\/revisions\/39644"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39628"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}