{"id":38753,"date":"2025-06-05T14:30:33","date_gmt":"2025-06-05T12:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=38753"},"modified":"2025-06-05T14:54:19","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T12:54:19","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u062e\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sjoerd de Leeuw, Roderik Rekker, Rachid Azrout and Joost van Spanje, \u201cA Matter of Nostalgia: How Authoritarian Traditions Shape the Distribution of Democratic Support on the Left-Right Dimension,\u201d paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8221;\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064f\u0648\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a&#8221; \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Natasha Lindstaedt, Democratic Decay and Authoritarian Resurgence. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064d \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 2011 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a &#8211; \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a02. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanghoon Kim, &#8220;Voting for Nostalgia?: Authoritarian Nostalgia, Social Identity, And Political Behavior in Post-Authoritarian Democracies&#8221;, University of Illinois, (2022). (Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641.\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u064a\u062f\u064d \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Samuel P. Huntington, <em>The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century<\/em>, University of Oklahoma Press,1993. (Huntington, The Third Wave<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Razal Rose and William Mishler,\u00a0\u201cComparing Regime Support in Non-democratic and Democratic Countries\u201d, <em>Democratization, (2010).<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Chang, Yun-han Chu, and Bridget Welsh, \u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/southeast-asia-sources-of-regime-support\/\">Southeast Asia: Sources of Regime Support\u201d,Journal of Democracy, (2013).<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yun-Han Chu, Yu-Tzung Chang, and Chong-Min Park, &#8220;The Democracy Barometers (Part I): Authoritarian Nostalgia in Asia\u201d, <em>Journal of Democracy<\/em>, (2007). (Yun-han Chu, The Democracy Barometers<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yun-han Chu, The Democracy Barometers.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Olena Nikolayenko, &#8220;Contextual effects on Historical Memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents&#8221;, <em>University of California Press<\/em>, no. 2 (June 2008)\u00a0; Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, \u201cCommunist Nostalgia And The Consolidation Of Democracy In Central And Eastern Europe&#8221;, <em>The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics<\/em>, (2005); See Marsin Alshamary, <em>Authoritarian Nostalgia Among Iraqi Youth: Roots and Repercussions<\/em>, July 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2018\/07\/authoritarian-nostalgia-among-iraqi-youth-roots-and-repercussions\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2018\/07\/authoritarian-nostalgia-among-iraqi-youth-roots-and-repercussions\/<\/span><\/a> (Marsin Alshamary, Authoritarian Nostalgia<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marsin Alshamary, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Olena Nikolayenko, &#8220;Contextual effects on Historical Memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents&#8221;, <em>University of California Press<\/em>, no. 2 (June 2008); Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, \u201cCommunist Nostalgia and the Consolidation of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe&#8221;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, Communist Nostalgia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David Ifkovits, <em>Children Of Democracy? How Socialization Affects Individual Support For Democracy<\/em>, July 2017,\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/u663s29csgpl3h9z76znz\/ifkovits_childrenofdemocracy.pdf?rlkey=yft1ds6tkeagxegs3fixk0jq6&amp;e=1&amp;dl=0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/u663s29csgpl3h9z76znz\/ifkovits_childrenofdemocracy.pdf?rlkey=yft1ds6tkeagxegs3fixk0jq6&amp;e=1&amp;dl=0<\/span><\/a> \u00a0( David, <em>Children Of Democracy? )<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a03. \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a: \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/h2>\n<h3>1.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a: \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640&#8221;Le Pays Sans Bruit&#8221; (\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u062c\u064a\u062c).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jocelyne Dakhlia, Tunisie : le pays sans bruit, Actes Sud, 2011.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Francesco Cavatorta and Rikke Hostrup Haugb\u00f8lle, \u201cThe End of Authoritarian Rule and the Mythology of Tunisia under Ben Ali\u201d, Mediterranean Politics, (2012).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Evrim G\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f and Emel Ak\u00e7al\u0131, \u201cVariegated Forms of Embeddedness: Home-Grown Neoliberal Authoritarianism in Tunisia Under Ben Ali,\u201d Journal of International Relations and Development, (2020). (Evrim, Variegated forms of embeddedness<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> )<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Evrim, Variegated forms of embeddedness.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u00a0&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">George Joff\u00e9, <em>Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib<\/em>, Routledge,2023.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621: \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u063a\u0630\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f 72 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 31 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Andrea Teti, Pamela Abbott, and Francesco Cavatorta, <em>The Arab Uprisings in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia Social, Political and Economic Transformations,<\/em> Routledge handbook of Mediterranean politics, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 &#8220;\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2013 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 2014. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kevin Koehler, \u201cBreakdown by Disengagement: Tunisia\u2019s Transition from Representative Democracy\u201d, <em>Political Research Exchange<\/em>, no.5 (2023) (Kevin Koehler, Breakdown by Disengagement).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.\u00a0 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kevin Koehler, Breakdown by Disengagement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 2011. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cimini Giulia,\u00a0<em>Authoritarian Nostalgia and Practices in Newly Democratising Contexts: The Localised Example of Tunisia<\/em>, Edinburgh University Press,2022. (Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064d \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 &#8220;\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 78 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 48 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 71 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 54 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Afrobarometer, \u201dLa d\u00e9mocratie en Tunisie | Le point de vue du peuple\u201d, June 2016, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.afrobarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Tunisie-Democracy-scorecard-R10-Afrobarometer-24sept24.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a04. \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647<\/h2>\n<h3>1.4 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a&#8221;. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a.\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">James Loxton and Scott Mainwaring, ed. <em>Life After Dictatorship: Authoritarian Successor Parties Worldwide<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, 2018. (James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012. \u0648\u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anne Wolf, <em>The Counterrevolution Gains Momentum in Tunisia: The Rise of Abir Moussi<\/em>, November 2020, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/mideastdc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/201118b_WolfSnapshot.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mideastdc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/201118b_WolfSnapshot.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0649\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015. \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">38<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0636\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0645\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647&#8221; \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0636\u062f \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629&#8221;. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mathilde Zederman, &#8220;Construction nationale et m\u00e9moire collective : islamisme et bourguibisme en Tunisie (1956-2014), \u201d\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux pour l\u2019histoire de notre temps, no.3 (2015).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 &#8220;<em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0645&#8221; <\/em>(\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">40<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mariam Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process: Plans and politics in Tunisia, Manchester University Press, 2022. (Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0641\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a &#8220;\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628&#8221;. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.4 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p><strong>1.2.4 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0651\u062a\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642\u064d \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2013\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629). \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1955 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a 24 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2020\u060c \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 60 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">41<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">42<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mariem Salehi, \u201cTrying Just Enough or Promising Too Much? The Problem-Capacity-Nexus in Tunisia&#8217;s Transitional Justice Process\u201d, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding,\u00a0(2016).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">43<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption Reviewing the Tunisia Truth and Dignity Commission&#8217;s Report on Corruption Under Dictatorship, February 2024, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-02\/ictj_briefing_tunisia_corruption_en_web_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-02\/ictj_briefing_tunisia_corruption_en_web_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>. (ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> )<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">44<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u00a0 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064015 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: &#8220;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">45<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629.\u00a0 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">46<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yasmine Jamal Hajar, <em>The Tunisian Truth and Dignity Commission: From a Human Rights to a Political Project<\/em>, April 2019, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2019\/04\/03\/tunisian-truth-and-dignity-commission-human-rights-political-project\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2019\/04\/03\/tunisian-truth-and-dignity-commission-human-rights-political-project<\/span><\/a> ( Yasmine, <em>The Tunisian Truth).<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">47<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua E. Riggs, \u201cWhy don&#8217;t I forgive? They didn&#8217;t ask for forgiveness!\u201d: Manich Msamah and Tunisia&#8217;s Politics of Unforgiveness, Cambridge University Press, (2022). (Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">48<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See The Middle East Institute, \u201cThe revolution in Tunisia continues, September 2016, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/revolution-tunisia-continues<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 &#8220;\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">49<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">50<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">51<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yasmine, <em>The Tunisian Truth.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d&#8221; (\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0649) \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0625\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">52<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2.4 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0630\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629<strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 44 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">53<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/TN\/TransitionalJusticeTunisia.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/TN\/TransitionalJusticeTunisia.pdf<\/span><\/a> (OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_53', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">54<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638&#8221; \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u064f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638&#8221; \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u00a0 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 &#8211; \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0634\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a: \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0631\u062b&#8221; \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">55<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clara Ram\u00edrez-Barat, Making an Impact: Guidelines on Designing and Implementing Outreach Programs for Transitional Justice, January 2011, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-Global-Making-Impact-2011-English.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-Global-Making-Impact-2011-English.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 2011 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">56<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sarah Anne Rennick, \u201cLosing support to democracy: Political socialization, popular conceptualizations, and the formation of political grievances among marginalized youth in Tunisia\u201d, Mediterranean Politics, (2023).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1956.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_57');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_57');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">57<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Simon Robins and Paul Gready, ed. Transitional Justice in Tunisia Innovations, Continuities, Challenges, Routledge, 2023 (Simon, Transitional Justice in Tunisia).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0647. \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">58<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Simon, Transitional Justice in Tunisia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_58').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_58', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>5. \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642&#8221;. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">59<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amber R. Reed, Nostalgia After Apartheid: Disillusionment, Youth, and Democracy in South Africa, Notre Dame University Press,2020.\u00a0 (Amber, Nostalgia After Apartheid).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8221;. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">60<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David, <em>Children of Democracy?<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u062e\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_61');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_61');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">61<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_62');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_62');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">62<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_62\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amber, Nostalgia After Apartheid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_62').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_62', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0632&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38753_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">63<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carlos Var\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, Past Dictators Never Die, September 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/past-dictators-never-die\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/past-dictators-never-die\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38753_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_38753_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_38753_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_38753_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_38753_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sjoerd de Leeuw, Roderik Rekker, Rachid Azrout and Joost van Spanje, \u201cA Matter of Nostalgia: How Authoritarian Traditions Shape the Distribution of Democratic Support on the Left-Right Dimension,\u201d paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Natasha Lindstaedt, Democratic Decay and Authoritarian Resurgence. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanghoon Kim, &#8220;Voting for Nostalgia?: Authoritarian Nostalgia, Social Identity, And Political Behavior in Post-Authoritarian Democracies&#8221;, University of Illinois, (2022). (Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samuel P. Huntington, <em>The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century<\/em>, University of Oklahoma Press,1993. (Huntington, The Third Wave<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Razal Rose and William Mishler,\u00a0\u201cComparing Regime Support in Non-democratic and Democratic Countries\u201d, <em>Democratization, (2010).<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Chang, Yun-han Chu, and Bridget Welsh, \u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/southeast-asia-sources-of-regime-support\/\">Southeast Asia: Sources of Regime Support\u201d,Journal of Democracy, (2013).<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yun-Han Chu, Yu-Tzung Chang, and Chong-Min Park, &#8220;The Democracy Barometers (Part I): Authoritarian Nostalgia in Asia\u201d, <em>Journal of Democracy<\/em>, (2007). (Yun-han Chu, The Democracy Barometers<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yun-han Chu, The Democracy Barometers.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanghoon, Voting for Nostalgia?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Olena Nikolayenko, &#8220;Contextual effects on Historical Memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents&#8221;, <em>University of California Press<\/em>, no. 2 (June 2008)\u00a0; Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, \u201cCommunist Nostalgia And The Consolidation Of Democracy In Central And Eastern Europe&#8221;, <em>The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics<\/em>, (2005); See Marsin Alshamary, <em>Authoritarian Nostalgia Among Iraqi Youth: Roots and Repercussions<\/em>, July 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2018\/07\/authoritarian-nostalgia-among-iraqi-youth-roots-and-repercussions\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2018\/07\/authoritarian-nostalgia-among-iraqi-youth-roots-and-repercussions\/<\/span><\/a> (Marsin Alshamary, Authoritarian Nostalgia<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marsin Alshamary, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Olena Nikolayenko, &#8220;Contextual effects on Historical Memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents&#8221;, <em>University of California Press<\/em>, no. 2 (June 2008); Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, \u201cCommunist Nostalgia and the Consolidation of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, Communist Nostalgia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David Ifkovits, <em>Children Of Democracy? How Socialization Affects Individual Support For Democracy<\/em>, July 2017,\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/u663s29csgpl3h9z76znz\/ifkovits_childrenofdemocracy.pdf?rlkey=yft1ds6tkeagxegs3fixk0jq6&amp;e=1&amp;dl=0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/u663s29csgpl3h9z76znz\/ifkovits_childrenofdemocracy.pdf?rlkey=yft1ds6tkeagxegs3fixk0jq6&amp;e=1&amp;dl=0<\/span><\/a> \u00a0( David, <em>Children Of Democracy? )<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jocelyne Dakhlia, Tunisie : le pays sans bruit, Actes Sud, 2011.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Francesco Cavatorta and Rikke Hostrup Haugb\u00f8lle, \u201cThe End of Authoritarian Rule and the Mythology of Tunisia under Ben Ali\u201d, Mediterranean Politics, (2012).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Evrim G\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f and Emel Ak\u00e7al\u0131, \u201cVariegated Forms of Embeddedness: Home-Grown Neoliberal Authoritarianism in Tunisia Under Ben Ali,\u201d Journal of International Relations and Development, (2020). (Evrim, Variegated forms of embeddedness<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Evrim, Variegated forms of embeddedness.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">George Joff\u00e9, <em>Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib<\/em>, Routledge,2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Andrea Teti, Pamela Abbott, and Francesco Cavatorta, <em>The Arab Uprisings in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia Social, Political and Economic Transformations,<\/em> Routledge handbook of Mediterranean politics, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kevin Koehler, \u201cBreakdown by Disengagement: Tunisia\u2019s Transition from Representative Democracy\u201d, <em>Political Research Exchange<\/em>, no.5 (2023) (Kevin Koehler, Breakdown by Disengagement).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kevin Koehler, Breakdown by Disengagement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cimini Giulia,\u00a0<em>Authoritarian Nostalgia and Practices in Newly Democratising Contexts: The Localised Example of Tunisia<\/em>, Edinburgh University Press,2022. (Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Afrobarometer, \u201dLa d\u00e9mocratie en Tunisie | Le point de vue du peuple\u201d, June 2016, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.afrobarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Tunisie-Democracy-scorecard-R10-Afrobarometer-24sept24.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James Loxton and Scott Mainwaring, ed. <em>Life After Dictatorship: Authoritarian Successor Parties Worldwide<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, 2018. (James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anne Wolf, <em>The Counterrevolution Gains Momentum in Tunisia: The Rise of Abir Moussi<\/em>, November 2020, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/mideastdc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/201118b_WolfSnapshot.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mideastdc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/201118b_WolfSnapshot.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cimini, Authoritarian Nostalgia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James Loxton, <em>Life After Dictatorship<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mathilde Zederman, &#8220;Construction nationale et m\u00e9moire collective : islamisme et bourguibisme en Tunisie (1956-2014), \u201d\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux pour l\u2019histoire de notre temps, no.3 (2015).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mariam Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process: Plans and politics in Tunisia, Manchester University Press, 2022. (Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mariem Salehi, \u201cTrying Just Enough or Promising Too Much? The Problem-Capacity-Nexus in Tunisia&#8217;s Transitional Justice Process\u201d, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding,\u00a0(2016).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption Reviewing the Tunisia Truth and Dignity Commission&#8217;s Report on Corruption Under Dictatorship, February 2024, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-02\/ictj_briefing_tunisia_corruption_en_web_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-02\/ictj_briefing_tunisia_corruption_en_web_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>. (ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ICTJ, The Truth About Corruption.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yasmine Jamal Hajar, <em>The Tunisian Truth and Dignity Commission: From a Human Rights to a Political Project<\/em>, April 2019, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2019\/04\/03\/tunisian-truth-and-dignity-commission-human-rights-political-project\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.boell.de\/en\/2019\/04\/03\/tunisian-truth-and-dignity-commission-human-rights-political-project<\/span><\/a> ( Yasmine, <em>The Tunisian Truth).<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua E. Riggs, \u201cWhy don&#8217;t I forgive? They didn&#8217;t ask for forgiveness!\u201d: Manich Msamah and Tunisia&#8217;s Politics of Unforgiveness, Cambridge University Press, (2022). (Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See The Middle East Institute, \u201cThe revolution in Tunisia continues, September 2016, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/revolution-tunisia-continues<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua E., Why don&#8217;t I forgive?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yasmine, <em>The Tunisian Truth.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/TN\/TransitionalJusticeTunisia.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/TN\/TransitionalJusticeTunisia.pdf<\/span><\/a> (OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">OHCHR, Organic Law on Establishing and Organizing Transitional Justice.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clara Ram\u00edrez-Barat, Making an Impact: Guidelines on Designing and Implementing Outreach Programs for Transitional Justice, January 2011, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-Global-Making-Impact-2011-English.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-Global-Making-Impact-2011-English.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sarah Anne Rennick, \u201cLosing support to democracy: Political socialization, popular conceptualizations, and the formation of political grievances among marginalized youth in Tunisia\u201d, Mediterranean Politics, (2023).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Simon Robins and Paul Gready, ed. Transitional Justice in Tunisia Innovations, Continuities, Challenges, Routledge, 2023 (Simon, Transitional Justice in Tunisia).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Simon, Transitional Justice in Tunisia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amber R. Reed, Nostalgia After Apartheid: Disillusionment, Youth, and Democracy in South Africa, Notre Dame University Press,2020.\u00a0 (Amber, Nostalgia After Apartheid).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David, <em>Children of Democracy?<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_61');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salehi, Transitional Justice in Process.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_62');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amber, Nostalgia After Apartheid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38753_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38753_1_63');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carlos Var\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, Past Dictators Never Die, September 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/past-dictators-never-die\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/past-dictators-never-die\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_38753_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38753_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_38753_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_38753_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38753_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_38753_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_38753_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38753_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38753_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_38753_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_38753_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38753_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_38753_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38753_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":38750,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[647,146,15],"class_list":["post-38753","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12","tag-647","tag-146","tag-15"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38762,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38753\/revisions\/38762"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38750"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}