{"id":38429,"date":"2025-05-09T12:58:26","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T10:58:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=38429"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:21:53","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T13:21:53","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d9%88%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7-%d9%88%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chiara Loschi, \u201cLocal Mobilizations and the Formation of Environmental Networks in a Democratizing Tunisia\u201d, <em>Social Movement Studies<\/em> 18 (1), 2019: 99.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 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\u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a>; Zahra Ali, \u201cTheorizing Uprisings: Iraq\u2019s Thawra Teshreen\u201d, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em>, January 2023: 1\u201316. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 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<em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 <\/em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2019-2020\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Naoual Belakhdar, \u201cAlgeria Is Not for Sale! Mobilizing Against Fracking in the Sahara\u201d, <em>MERIP <\/em>296, Fall 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/10\/algeria-is-not-for-sale-mobilizing-against-fracking-in-the-sahara\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/10\/algeria-is-not-for-sale-mobilizing-against-fracking-in-the-sahara\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EJAtlas: Global Atlas of Environmental Justice. <a href=\"https:\/\/ejatlas.org\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ejatlas.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Leah Temper, Daniela del Bene and Joan Martinez-Alier, \u201cMapping the Frontiers and Front Lines of Global Environmental Justice: the EJAtlas\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 22, 2015: 255-278. <a href=\"http:\/\/jpe.library.arizona.edu\/volume_22\/Temper.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/jpe.library.arizona.edu\/volume_22\/Temper.pdf<\/span><\/a> (Temper, del Bene and Martinez-Alier<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GrdsfTyeMs0&amp;list=PLb2toWDsmAiSN2yssmKDD7Rmf-sORyCiW&amp;index=3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GrdsfTyeMs0&amp;list=PLb2toWDsmAiSN2yssmKDD7Rmf-sORyCiW&amp;index=3<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Adam Hanieh, \u201cLaundering Carbon \u2013 The Gulf\u2019s \u2018New Scramble for Africa\u2019\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 311, Summer 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2024\/07\/laundering-carbon-the-gulfs-new-scramble-for-africa\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2024\/07\/laundering-carbon-the-gulfs-new-scramble-for-africa\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0628 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Avan\u00e7ados<\/em> 24(68), 2010: 103-119. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/j\/ea\/a\/hSdks4fkGYGb4fDVhmb6yxk\/?format=pdf&amp;lang=en\">scielo.br\/j\/ea\/a\/hSdks4fkGYGb4fDVhmb6yxk\/?format=pdf&amp;lang=en<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 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\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A. Fiona D. Mackenzie, <em>Land, Ecology and Resistance in Kenya, 1880\u20131952<\/em>, Heinmann, Portsmouth, 1998; Julia Carney, \u201cGender conflict in Gambian Wetlands\u201d, in <em>Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements<\/em>, eds. Richard Peet and Michael Watts, New York, Routledge: 316\u2013336.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 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\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNEP, \u201cWho Are Environmental Defenders?\u201d 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\">text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\">,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Naoual Belakhdar, \u201cWhen Unemployment Meets Environment. The Case of the Anti-fracking Coalition in Ouargla\u201d, <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 24(4), 2019: 420-442.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639&#8221; [\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 16 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters, \u201cIraqis Protest at Oilfields to Call for Jobs and Basic Services\u201d, 12 July 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iraqis-protest-at-oilfields-to-call-for-jobs-and-basic-services-idUSKBN1K21NS\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iraqis-protest-at-oilfields-to-call-for-jobs-and-basic-services-idUSKBN1K21NS<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South<\/em>, Earthscan, 1997; Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. <\/em>Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2002; Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a 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Hopkins, Sohair Mehanna, and Salah el-Haggar, <em>People and Pollution: Cultural Constructions and Social Action in Egypt<\/em>, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2001.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021: 22. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-politics-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-proceedings-from-first-inaugural-conference\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635 &#8220;\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0628\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021: 22. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-politics-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-proceedings-from-first-inaugural-conference\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Noura Wahby, \u201cEgyptian Environmentalism and Urban Grassroots Mobilization\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018; Noura Wahby, \u201dUrban Informality and the State: Repairing Cairo\u2019s Waters Through Gehood Zateya\u201d, <em>Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space<\/em>, 4(3), 2021: 696-717.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u201cEnvironmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression\u201d, <em>Global\u00a0 Environmental Change<\/em>, 65, 2020: 6-7. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163<\/span><\/a> (Le Billon and Lujala, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a) \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 &#8211; \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629) &#8211; \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629) &#8211; \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 &#8211; \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Crossan, Andrew Cumbers, Robert McMaster, and Deirdre Shaw, \u201cContesting Neoliberal Urbanism in Glasgow\u2019s Community Gardens: The Practice of DIY Citizenship\u201d, <em>Antipode<\/em> 48 (4), 2016: 937-955. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/anti.12220\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/anti.12220<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648&#8221;\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sophie Chamas, \u201cCommunity Organizing and the Limits of Participatory Democracy in Lebanon\u201d, in <em>Altered States: The Remaking of the Political in the Arab World<\/em>, eds. Sune Haugbolle and Mark LeVine, London: Routledge, 2022: 68. 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chamas, 2022; James Ferguson, <em>The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho<\/em>, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631&#8221; \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc849583360\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"111\"><em>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/em><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"489\"><em>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u061f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644)<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a 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'#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nathalie Butt et al., \u201cThe Supply Chain of Violence\u201d, <em>Nature Sustainability<\/em> 2, 2019: 742-747.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/land-and-environmental-defenders-annual-report-archive\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 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Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0646 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chamas, 2022: 68.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">45<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amita Baviskar, \u201cBetween Violence and Desire: Space, Power, and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi\u201d, <em>International Social Science Journal<\/em> 55, 2003: 89\u201398; Amita Baviskar, <em>Uncivil City: Ecology, Equity, and the Commons in Delhi<\/em>, SAGE, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">48<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Maha Abdelrahman, \u201cSocial Movements and the Question of Organization: Egypt and Everywhere\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series 8, September 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/63903\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/63903\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">49<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joel Beinin, \u201c<em>Political Economy and Social Movement Theory Perspectives on the Tunisian and Egyptian Uprisings of 2011<\/em>\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series 14, January 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/65291\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/65291<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">50<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Denisse Rodr\u00edguez and Julia Loginova, \u201cNavigating State-led Extractivism in Ecuador and Russia\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a&#8221; 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Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, Oxford University Press, 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/0199251789.003.0009\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/0199251789.003.0009<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">57<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Camila Nobrega Rabello Alves, \u201cAccess to Information and the Construction of Sustainability Discourse: The Case of the Bus Rapid Transit Transol\u00edmpica, in Rio de Janeiro,\u201d in <em>The Right to Nature<\/em>, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">58<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kate Symons, \u201cLand Rights and Justice in Neoliberal Mozambique: The Case of Afungi Community Relocations\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature<\/em>, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">59<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Philippe Le Billon, \u201cEnvironmental Conflict\u201d, in <em>The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology<\/em>, eds. Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge, and James McCarthy, Routledge, 2015: 600.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a:<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_38429_1('footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">60<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Harsha Walia, \u201cOvergrowing Hegemony: Grassroots Theory\u201d, <em>Undoing Border Imperialism<\/em>. AK Press, 2014; Mariame Kaba, <em>We Do This \u2019Til We Free Us: Abolitionist Organizing and Transforming Justice<\/em>, 2021; Dean Spade, \u201cMainstreaming of Trans Politics and Mainstreaming of Criminal Punishment System Reform\u201d, <em>The Evergreen State College Productions<\/em>, 4 May 2016;\u00a0 Marbre Stahly-Butts, \u201cAbolition is Liberation: Marbre Stahly-Butts &amp; Rachel Herzing in Conversation with Cory Lira,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_Resistance\"><em>Critical Resistance<\/em><\/a>, 14 May 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_38429_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 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class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chiara Loschi, \u201cLocal Mobilizations and the Formation of Environmental Networks in a Democratizing Tunisia\u201d, <em>Social Movement Studies<\/em> 18 (1), 2019: 99.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a>; Zahra Ali, \u201cTheorizing Uprisings: Iraq\u2019s Thawra Teshreen\u201d, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em>, January 2023: 1\u201316. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629-\u0641\u064a-\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a-\u0648\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u064a-\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646-<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Naoual Belakhdar, \u201cAlgeria Is Not for Sale! Mobilizing Against Fracking in the Sahara\u201d, <em>MERIP <\/em>296, Fall 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/10\/algeria-is-not-for-sale-mobilizing-against-fracking-in-the-sahara\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/10\/algeria-is-not-for-sale-mobilizing-against-fracking-in-the-sahara\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EJAtlas: Global Atlas of Environmental Justice. <a href=\"https:\/\/ejatlas.org\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ejatlas.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Leah Temper, Daniela del Bene and Joan Martinez-Alier, \u201cMapping the Frontiers and Front Lines of Global Environmental Justice: the EJAtlas\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 22, 2015: 255-278. <a href=\"http:\/\/jpe.library.arizona.edu\/volume_22\/Temper.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/jpe.library.arizona.edu\/volume_22\/Temper.pdf<\/span><\/a> (Temper, del Bene and Martinez-Alier<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 5 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GrdsfTyeMs0&amp;list=PLb2toWDsmAiSN2yssmKDD7Rmf-sORyCiW&amp;index=3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GrdsfTyeMs0&amp;list=PLb2toWDsmAiSN2yssmKDD7Rmf-sORyCiW&amp;index=3<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Adam Hanieh, \u201cLaundering Carbon \u2013 The Gulf\u2019s \u2018New Scramble for Africa\u2019\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 311, Summer 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2024\/07\/laundering-carbon-the-gulfs-new-scramble-for-africa\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2024\/07\/laundering-carbon-the-gulfs-new-scramble-for-africa\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ashley Dawson, <em>Environmentalism from Below: How Global People&#8217;s Movements Are Leading the Fight for Our Planet<\/em>. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2024.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u061f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 20 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 2022\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%b1\/\">\u00a0<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629-\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633-\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/span> <\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Henri Acselrad, \u201cThe \u2018Environmentalization\u2019 of Social Struggles: The Environmental Justice Movement in Brazil\u201d, <em>Estudos Avan\u00e7ados<\/em> 24(68), 2010: 103-119. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/j\/ea\/a\/hSdks4fkGYGb4fDVhmb6yxk\/?format=pdf&amp;lang=en\">scielo.br\/j\/ea\/a\/hSdks4fkGYGb4fDVhmb6yxk\/?format=pdf&amp;lang=en<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Temper, del Bene and Martinez-Alier, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, eds., <em>The Rights to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, Routledge, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A. Fiona D. Mackenzie, <em>Land, Ecology and Resistance in Kenya, 1880\u20131952<\/em>, Heinmann, Portsmouth, 1998; Julia Carney, \u201cGender conflict in Gambian Wetlands\u201d, in <em>Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements<\/em>, eds. Richard Peet and Michael Watts, New York, Routledge: 316\u2013336.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNEP, \u201cWho Are Environmental Defenders?\u201d 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\">text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/environmental-law-and-governance\/who-are-environmental-defenders#:~:text=The%20UN%20defines%20environmental%20human,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D\">,land%2C%20flora%20and%20fauna%E2%80%9D<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Naoual Belakhdar, \u201cWhen Unemployment Meets Environment. The Case of the Anti-fracking Coalition in Ouargla\u201d, <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 24(4), 2019: 420-442.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639&#8221; [\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 16 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Reuters, \u201cIraqis Protest at Oilfields to Call for Jobs and Basic Services\u201d, 12 July 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iraqis-protest-at-oilfields-to-call-for-jobs-and-basic-services-idUSKBN1K21NS\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/world\/iraqis-protest-at-oilfields-to-call-for-jobs-and-basic-services-idUSKBN1K21NS<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South<\/em>, Earthscan, 1997; Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. <\/em>Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2002; Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a Apostolopouloulou \u0648 Cortes-Vazquez.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nicholas S. Hopkins, Sohair Mehanna, and Salah el-Haggar, <em>People and Pollution: Cultural Constructions and Social Action in Egypt<\/em>, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2001.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021: 22. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-politics-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-proceedings-from-first-inaugural-conference\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021: 22. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-politics-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-proceedings-from-first-inaugural-conference\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Noura Wahby, \u201cEgyptian Environmentalism and Urban Grassroots Mobilization\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018; Noura Wahby, \u201dUrban Informality and the State: Repairing Cairo\u2019s Waters Through Gehood Zateya\u201d, <em>Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space<\/em>, 4(3), 2021: 696-717.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646: Philippe Le Billon and P\u00e4ivi Lujala, \u201cEnvironmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression\u201d, <em>Global\u00a0 Environmental Change<\/em>, 65, 2020: 6-7. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163<\/span><\/a> (Le Billon and Lujala, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Crossan, Andrew Cumbers, Robert McMaster, and Deirdre Shaw, \u201cContesting Neoliberal Urbanism in Glasgow\u2019s Community Gardens: The Practice of DIY Citizenship\u201d, <em>Antipode<\/em> 48 (4), 2016: 937-955. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/anti.12220\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/anti.12220<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sophie Chamas, \u201cCommunity Organizing and the Limits of Participatory Democracy in Lebanon\u201d, in <em>Altered States: The Remaking of the Political in the Arab World<\/em>, eds. Sune Haugbolle and Mark LeVine, London: Routledge, 2022: 68. (Chamas 2022).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ann El Khoury,<em> Globalization Development and Social Justice: A Propositional Political Approach<\/em>, Abingdon, UK. Routledge, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">James C. Scott, <em>Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance<\/em>, Yale University Press, 1985.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karen O&#8217;Brien, Elin Selboe, and Bronwyn M. Hayward, \u201cExploring Youth Activism on Climate Change: Dutiful, Disruptive, and Dangerous Dissent\u201d, <em>Ecology and Society<\/em> 23(3), 2018: 42. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-10287-230342\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-10287-230342<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chamas, 2022; James Ferguson, <em>The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho<\/em>, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le Billon and Lujala, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nathalie Butt et al., \u201cThe Supply Chain of Violence\u201d, <em>Nature Sustainability<\/em> 2, 2019: 742-747.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Global Witness, \u201cStanding Firm\u201d, September 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/land-and-environmental-defenders-annual-report-archive\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/land-and-environmental-defenders-annual-report-archive\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohamed Ismail Sabry, \u201cState-Society Relations and Industrial Sustainable Growth: The Case of Post-Revolution Tunisia\u201d, <em>Sustainable Development <\/em>32(3), 2024: 1806.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeannie L. Sowers,<em> Environmental Politics in Egypt:\u00a0 Activists, Experts and the State<\/em>, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics, 2013: 158. (Sowers, 2013<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alfred Burballa-Noria, \u201cEnvironmental Justice Claims and Dimensions in Antimegaproject campaigns in Europe\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Akhil Gupta, \u201cBlurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State\u201d, <em>American Ethnologist<\/em> 22(2): 391.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chamas, 2022: 68.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Loschi 2019: 6.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le Billon and Lujala, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amita Baviskar, \u201cBetween Violence and Desire: Space, Power, and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi\u201d, <em>International Social Science Journal<\/em> 55, 2003: 89\u201398; Amita Baviskar, <em>Uncivil City: Ecology, Equity, and the Commons in Delhi<\/em>, SAGE, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chamas 2022: 68.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a 11 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2024.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Maha Abdelrahman, \u201cSocial Movements and the Question of Organization: Egypt and Everywhere\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series 8, September 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/63903\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/63903\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joel Beinin, \u201c<em>Political Economy and Social Movement Theory Perspectives on the Tunisian and Egyptian Uprisings of 2011<\/em>\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series 14, January 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/65291\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/65291<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Denisse Rodr\u00edguez and Julia Loginova, \u201cNavigating State-led Extractivism in Ecuador and Russia\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Charlotte Christiaens et al., \u201cSelf-Determination as Resistance: Re-Asserting Control Over Natural Resources in Colombia,\u201d in <em>The Right to Nature<\/em>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeffrey Broadbent, \u201cMovement in Context: Thick Networks and Japanese Environmental Protest\u201d, in <em>Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action<\/em>, eds. Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, Oxford University Press, 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/0199251789.003.0009\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/0199251789.003.0009<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sophie Chamas, \u201cActivism as a Way of Life: The Social World of Social Movements in Middle-Class Beirut\u201d, Partecipazione e conflitto 14 (2), 2021: 538.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sowers, 2013: 37.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c 2024.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Miriam R. Aczel, \u201cPublic Opposition to Shale Gas Extraction in Algeria: Potential Application of France&#8217;s \u2018Duty of Care Act\u2019.\u201d <em>The Extractive Industries and Society<\/em> 7(4), 2020: 1360-1368.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Camila Nobrega Rabello Alves, \u201cAccess to Information and the Construction of Sustainability Discourse: The Case of the Bus Rapid Transit Transol\u00edmpica, in Rio de Janeiro,\u201d in <em>The Right to Nature<\/em>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kate Symons, \u201cLand Rights and Justice in Neoliberal Mozambique: The Case of Afungi Community Relocations\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature<\/em>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Philippe Le Billon, \u201cEnvironmental Conflict\u201d, in <em>The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology<\/em>, eds. Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge, and James McCarthy, Routledge, 2015: 600.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_38429_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_38429_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Harsha Walia, \u201cOvergrowing Hegemony: Grassroots Theory\u201d, <em>Undoing Border Imperialism<\/em>. AK Press, 2014; Mariame Kaba, <em>We Do This \u2019Til We Free Us: Abolitionist Organizing and Transforming Justice<\/em>, 2021; Dean Spade, \u201cMainstreaming of Trans Politics and Mainstreaming of Criminal Punishment System Reform\u201d, <em>The Evergreen State College Productions<\/em>, 4 May 2016;\u00a0 Marbre Stahly-Butts, \u201cAbolition is Liberation: Marbre Stahly-Butts &amp; Rachel Herzing in Conversation with Cory Lira,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_Resistance\"><em>Critical Resistance<\/em><\/a>, 14 May 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_38429_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38429_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_38429_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_38429_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38429_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_38429_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_38429_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_38429_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38429_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_38429_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_38429_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38429_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_38429_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_38429_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":38177,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[247,488,222],"class_list":["post-38429","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12","tag-247","tag-488","tag-222"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39281,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/38429\/revisions\/39281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}