{"id":36226,"date":"2025-02-21T09:12:21","date_gmt":"2025-02-21T08:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=36226"},"modified":"2025-02-21T09:13:40","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T08:13:40","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-13-%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-13-%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0639\u062f 13 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201c: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 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in Histoire de la Tunisie depuis l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, Ed la D\u00e9couverte Coll Rep\u00e8res n\u00b0658, Paris 2015.\u0627<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larbi Chouikha (2019) Tunisie. Des m\u00e9dias sous la coupe des int\u00e9r\u00eats priv\u00e9s, 6 f\u00e9vrier 2019, in <a href=\"https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-des-medias-sous-la-coupe-des-interets-prives,2881\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-des-medias-sous-la-coupe-des-interets-prives,2881<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> .<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0651\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larbi Chouikha (2019) Le processus \u00e9lectoral tunisien en 2019 : instabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle et jeu des acteurs, <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.uam.es\/index.php\/reim\/article\/view\/reim2019.27.011\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/revistas.uam.es\/index.php\/reim\/article\/view\/reim2019.27.011<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_7').tooltip({ tip: 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\u201d\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201c \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0640\u0640\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/en\/translator#_ftn9\">.<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sarra Grira, \u201cTunisie. Entre peur et divisions, Ka\u00efs Sa\u00efed seul ma\u00eetre \u00e0 bord\u201d 30 Mars 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-entre-peur-et-divisions-kais-saied-seul-maitre-a-bord,6339\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-entre-peur-et-divisions-kais-saied-seul-maitre-a-bord,6339<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larbi Chouikha, \u00ab Le difficile d\u00e9ploiement des \u00ab instances ind\u00e9pendantes \u00bb dans la Tunisie en \u00ab transition \u00bb : le cas de la r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019audiovisuel pendant les \u00e9lections de 2019 \u00bb, in Bachir Benaziz, Abdelfettah Benchenna et Dominique Marchetti (eds.), Les Espaces des (im)possibles : Les m\u00e9dias en Afrique du Nord depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990, pp 31-48 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cjb\/2005?lang=fr\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cjb\/2005?lang=fr<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u201d\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201c\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eric Gobe and Larbi Chouikha. \u201cOpposition and elections in Tunisia\u201d, Maghreb-Machrek, 2000, n\u00b0 168, p. 29-40. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-00139510\/file\/Gobe_Chouikha_Opposition_et_elections_en_Tunisie.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_11\" 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cEn Tunisie, le Parlement r\u00e9vise la loi \u00e9lectorale juste avant la pr\u00e9sidentielle du 6 octobre\u201d Le Monde, 27 September 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/09\/27\/en-tunisie-le-parlement-revise-la-loi-electorale-juste-avant-la-presidentielle-du-6-octobre_6336767_3212.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/09\/27\/en-tunisie-le-parlement-revise-la-loi-electorale-juste-avant-la-presidentielle-du-6-octobre_6336767_3212.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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observateurs les plus cr\u00e9dibles seront absents de la pr\u00e9sidentielle 2024 13\/09\/2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-les-observateurs-les-plus-credibles-seront-absents-de-la-presidentielle-2024,519,140898,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-les-observateurs-les-plus-credibles-seront-absents-de-la-presidentielle-2024,519,140898,3<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u201d\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tunisie. Le SNJT d\u00e9nonce des pressions sur les journalistes du secteur public 24 septembre 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/tunisie-le-snjt-denonce-des-pressions-sur-les-journalistes-du-secteur-public\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/tunisie-le-snjt-denonce-des-pressions-sur-les-journalistes-du-secteur-public\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0641\u064a 25 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0641\u064a 25 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. Tunisie : le coup de force de Ka\u00efs Sa\u00efed, un \u00ab coup d\u2019\u00c9tat constitutionnel \u00bb ? Fondation pour la recherche strat\u00e9gique. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/publications\/notes\/tunisie-coup-force-kais-saied-un-coup-etat-constitutionnel-2021<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u201d\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201c\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 2022 \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u201c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b-Hyper-pr\u00e9sidentialisme et affirmation de l\u2019islamit\u00e9 dans la nouvelle Constitution, pp 266-278. In, \u00ab M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS, ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 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Juin 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/point-de-vue-tunisie-rapport-du-crldht-le-retour-de-la-repression\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/point-de-vue-tunisie-rapport-du-crldht-le-retour-de-la-repression\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/la-haica-denonce-la-situation-de-la-li%C2%ADberte-dexpression-et-des-medias,520,129421,3%20563%20Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20la%20Haica\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/la-haica-denonce-la-situation-de-la-li%C2%Adberte-dexpression-et-des-medias,520,129421,3%20563%20Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20la%20Haica<\/span><\/a>, 25 mai 2023<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_24').tooltip({ tip: 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role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michel Camau, in \u00ab Un moment populiste tunisien\u2026&#8230; \u00bb p.89, in, Revue Tunisienne de Science Politique, 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44105269\/%20Un_moment_populiste_tunisien_Temporalit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectorale_et_%20temporalit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9volutionnaire\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44105269\/%20Un_moment_populiste_tunisien_Temporalit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectorale_et_%20temporalit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9volutionnaire<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_25').tooltip({ tip: 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III &#8211; Physionomie du paysage m\u00e9diatique avant 2021, pp 186-206. 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Initi\u00e9 par l\u2019association Yakadha (Vigilance) pour la D\u00e9mocratie et l\u2019Etat Civique <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2017\/04\/22\/nessma-elhiwar-hannibaltv-et-les-autres-a-qui-appartiennent-ils\/<\/span> et Cf aussi l\u2019\u00e9tude men\u00e9e par Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res (RSF) et l\u2019association Al Khatt. <a href=\"https:\/\/tunisia.mom-gmr.org\/fr\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tunisia.mom-gmr.org\/fr\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">TUNISIE \/ Reprise de la diffusion de la cha\u00eene Nessma TV apr\u00e8s une courte interruption, 16 mai 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/mediterranee-audiovisuelle.com\/tunisie-fermeture-de-la-chaine-nessma-tv-par-la-haica\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mediterranee-audiovisuelle.com\/tunisie-fermeture-de-la-chaine-nessma-tv-par-la-haica\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u201c\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab Les journalistes tunisiens font face aux intimidations et aux bas salaires \u00bb ; octobre 2015 in, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/reportages\/les-journalistes-tunisiens-font-face-aux-intimidations-et-aux-bas-salaires<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 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politique des pouvoirs autoritaires, pp 30-34, in, \u00ab M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS, ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 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\u00e9tat des lieux et prospective \u00bb, Questions de communication [En ligne], 28 | 2015, mis en ligne le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2017, consult\u00e9 le 17 janvier 2025. <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michel de Certeau : \u00ab On suppose rappelle-t-il, \u00ab qu\u2019assimiler signifie n\u00e9cessairement devenir semblable \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on absorbe, et non le rendre semblable \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on est, le faire sien, se l\u2019approprier ou r\u00e9approprier \u00bb. L\u2019invention du quotidien. I. Arts de faire, Paris, Gallimard \u00ab Folio Essais\u00a0\u00bb (1991\u00a0: 241).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.inric.tn\/rapports\/en\/INRIC_Rapport_final_en.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_36226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larbi Chouikha, \u00ab La difficile entreprise de r\u00e9former les m\u00e9dias en Tunisie \u00bb, Communication [En ligne], Vol. 32\/1 | 2013, mis en ligne le 06 mars 2014, consult\u00e9 le 10 d\u00e9cembre 2024. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/communication\/4692<\/span> ;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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transitions d\u00e9mocratiques \u2018 : \u00e9tat des lieux et prospective \u201c, <em>Questions de communication<\/em> [En ligne], 28 | 2015, online 31 December 2017, accessed 17 January 2025. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_36226_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"simple-translate\" class=\"simple-translate-system-theme\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"simple-translate-button isShow\" style=\"background-image: url('chrome-extension:\/\/ibplnjkanclpjokhdolnendpplpjiace\/icons\/512.png'); height: 22px; width: 22px; top: 13405px; left: 713px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simple-translate-panel \" style=\"width: 300px; height: 200px; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 13px;\">\n<div class=\"simple-translate-result-wrapper\" style=\"overflow: hidden;\">\n<div class=\"simple-translate-move\" draggable=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simple-translate-result-contents\">\n<p class=\"simple-translate-candidate\" dir=\"auto\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_36226_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_36226_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_36226_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_36226_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha\/\u00c9ric Gobe, \u00ab Les ann\u00e9es 1960 ou la mise sous tutelle de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par l\u2019Etat \u00bb pp20 -24, in Histoire de la Tunisie depuis l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, Ed la D\u00e9couverte Coll Rep\u00e8res n\u00b0658, Paris 2015.\u0627<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201d\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u201c\u060c \u0635 13 \u0641\u064a: l\u2019introduction \u00e0 l\u2019ouvrage collectif : Tunisie au Pr\u00e9sent. Une modernit\u00e9 au-dessus de tout soup\u00e7on ? Ed du CNRS Paris 1987.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b: 1969-1970 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. 1977-1978 \u201d\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646\u201c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629. Larbi Chouikha\/\u00c9ric Gobe, Histoire de la Tunisie depuis l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, Op cit.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bayart J-F, (1991), \u00ab La probl\u00e9matique de la d\u00e9mocratie en Afrique noire. La Baule, et puis apr\u00e8s ? \u00bb, Politique africaine, n\u00b043, 5-20.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha (2024) \u00a7 II &#8211; Les \u00ab embellies \u00bb politico-m\u00e9diatiques, pp 35-70 In, M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha (2019) Tunisie. Des m\u00e9dias sous la coupe des int\u00e9r\u00eats priv\u00e9s, 6 f\u00e9vrier 2019, in <a href=\"https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-des-medias-sous-la-coupe-des-interets-prives,2881\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-des-medias-sous-la-coupe-des-interets-prives,2881<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha (2019) Le processus \u00e9lectoral tunisien en 2019 : instabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle et jeu des acteurs, <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.uam.es\/index.php\/reim\/article\/view\/reim2019.27.011\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/revistas.uam.es\/index.php\/reim\/article\/view\/reim2019.27.011<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sarra Grira, \u201cTunisie. Entre peur et divisions, Ka\u00efs Sa\u00efed seul ma\u00eetre \u00e0 bord\u201d 30 Mars 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-entre-peur-et-divisions-kais-saied-seul-maitre-a-bord,6339\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/orientxxi.info\/magazine\/tunisie-entre-peur-et-divisions-kais-saied-seul-maitre-a-bord,6339<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha, \u00ab Le difficile d\u00e9ploiement des \u00ab instances ind\u00e9pendantes \u00bb dans la Tunisie en \u00ab transition \u00bb : le cas de la r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019audiovisuel pendant les \u00e9lections de 2019 \u00bb, in Bachir Benaziz, Abdelfettah Benchenna et Dominique Marchetti (eds.), Les Espaces des (im)possibles : Les m\u00e9dias en Afrique du Nord depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990, pp 31-48 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cjb\/2005?lang=fr\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cjb\/2005?lang=fr<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eric Gobe and Larbi Chouikha. \u201cOpposition and elections in Tunisia\u201d, Maghreb-Machrek, 2000, n\u00b0 168, p. 29-40. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-00139510\/file\/Gobe_Chouikha_Opposition_et_elections_en_Tunisie.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u201d\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201c\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cEn Tunisie, le Parlement r\u00e9vise la loi \u00e9lectorale juste avant la pr\u00e9sidentielle du 6 octobre\u201d Le Monde, 27 September 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/09\/27\/en-tunisie-le-parlement-revise-la-loi-electorale-juste-avant-la-presidentielle-du-6-octobre_6336767_3212.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/09\/27\/en-tunisie-le-parlement-revise-la-loi-electorale-juste-avant-la-presidentielle-du-6-octobre_6336767_3212.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tunisie &#8211; Les observateurs les plus cr\u00e9dibles seront absents de la pr\u00e9sidentielle 2024 13\/09\/2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-les-observateurs-les-plus-credibles-seront-absents-de-la-presidentielle-2024,519,140898,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-les-observateurs-les-plus-credibles-seront-absents-de-la-presidentielle-2024,519,140898,3<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/10\/07\/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-donne-vainqueur-d-une-election-jouee-d-avance_6345490_3212.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2024\/10\/07\/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-donne-vainqueur-d-une-election-jouee-d-avance_6345490_3212.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u201d\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tunisie. Le SNJT d\u00e9nonce des pressions sur les journalistes du secteur public 24 septembre 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/tunisie-le-snjt-denonce-des-pressions-sur-les-journalistes-du-secteur-public\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/tunisie-le-snjt-denonce-des-pressions-sur-les-journalistes-du-secteur-public\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0641\u064a 25 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. Tunisie : le coup de force de Ka\u00efs Sa\u00efed, un \u00ab coup d\u2019\u00c9tat constitutionnel \u00bb ? Fondation pour la recherche strat\u00e9gique. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/publications\/notes\/tunisie-coup-force-kais-saied-un-coup-etat-constitutionnel-2021<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b-Hyper-pr\u00e9sidentialisme et affirmation de l\u2019islamit\u00e9 dans la nouvelle Constitution, pp 266-278. In, \u00ab M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS, ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u201c54 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/des-organisations-et-associations-signent-une-petition-contre-les-proces-dopinion,520,129337,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/des-organisations-et-associations-signent-une-petition-contre-les-proces-dopinion,520,129337,3<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tunisie : qu\u2019est-ce que le d\u00e9cret 54 contre les \u00ab fausses informations \u00bb accus\u00e9 de menacer les libert\u00e9s ?, 24\/05\/24 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/tunisie-qu-est-ce-que-le-decret-54-contre-les-fausses-informations-accuse-de-menacer-les-libertes-20240524\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/tunisie-qu-est-ce-que-le-decret-54-contre-les-fausses-informations-accuse-de-menacer-les-libertes-20240524<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/2023\/06\/16\/le-snjt-rejette-la-decision-du-bureau-de-larp-de-refuser-aux-journalistes-lacces-au-travaux-des-commissions\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/2023\/06\/16\/le-snjt-rejette-la-decision-du-bureau-de-larp-de-refuser-aux-journalistes-lacces-au-travaux-des-commissions\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 16\/06\/2023<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/fr\/afrique\/tunisie-une-d%C3%A9cision-de-justice-interdit-aux-m%C3%A9dias-de-traiter-de-l-affaire-du-complot-contre-la-s%C3%BBret%C3%A9-de-l-%C3%A9tat-\/2924877#:~:text=\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/fr\/afrique\/tunisie-une-d%C3%A9cision-de-justice-interdit-aux-m%C3%A9dias-de-traiter-de-l-affaire-du-complot-contre-la-s%C3%BBret%C3%A9-de-l-%C3%A9tat-\/2924877#:~:text=%C2%AB%20Le%20premier%20juge%20d&#8217;instruction,%C2%BB%2C%20a%20d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9%20Hanen%20Gaddes<\/span><\/a>. 17\/06\/2023<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tunisie : le retour de la r\u00e9pression. Comit\u00e9 pour le Respect des Libert\u00e9s et des Droits de l\u2019Homme en Tunisie CRLDHT. Juin 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/point-de-vue-tunisie-rapport-du-crldht-le-retour-de-la-repression\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lecourrierdelatlas.com\/point-de-vue-tunisie-rapport-du-crldht-le-retour-de-la-repression\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/la-haica-denonce-la-situation-de-la-li%C2%ADberte-dexpression-et-des-medias,520,129421,3%20563%20Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20la%20Haica\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/la-haica-denonce-la-situation-de-la-li%C2%Adberte-dexpression-et-des-medias,520,129421,3%20563%20Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20la%20Haica<\/span><\/a>, 25 mai 2023<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michel Camau, in \u00ab Un moment populiste tunisien\u2026&#8230; \u00bb p.89, in, Revue Tunisienne de Science Politique, 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44105269\/%20Un_moment_populiste_tunisien_Temporalit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectorale_et_%20temporalit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9volutionnaire\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44105269\/%20Un_moment_populiste_tunisien_Temporalit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectorale_et_%20temporalit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9volutionnaire<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha (2024) Chap. III &#8211; Physionomie du paysage m\u00e9diatique avant 2021, pp 186-206. In, \u00ab M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS, ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab Les propri\u00e9taires des m\u00e9dias audiovisuels priv\u00e9s disposant d\u2019une licence de la HAICA \u00bb, janvier 2011 &#8211; novembre 2016. 100 p, d\u00e9cembre 2016 (en arabe). Initi\u00e9 par l\u2019association Yakadha (Vigilance) pour la D\u00e9mocratie et l\u2019Etat Civique <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2017\/04\/22\/nessma-elhiwar-hannibaltv-et-les-autres-a-qui-appartiennent-ils\/<\/span> et Cf aussi l\u2019\u00e9tude men\u00e9e par Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res (RSF) et l\u2019association Al Khatt. <a href=\"https:\/\/tunisia.mom-gmr.org\/fr\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tunisia.mom-gmr.org\/fr\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">TUNISIE \/ Reprise de la diffusion de la cha\u00eene Nessma TV apr\u00e8s une courte interruption, 16 mai 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/mediterranee-audiovisuelle.com\/tunisie-fermeture-de-la-chaine-nessma-tv-par-la-haica\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mediterranee-audiovisuelle.com\/tunisie-fermeture-de-la-chaine-nessma-tv-par-la-haica\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab Les journalistes tunisiens font face aux intimidations et aux bas salaires \u00bb ; octobre 2015 in, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/reportages\/les-journalistes-tunisiens-font-face-aux-intimidations-et-aux-bas-salaires<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0629 (2024)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u00a0La formation des journalistes : enjeu politique des pouvoirs autoritaires, pp 30-34, in, \u00ab M\u00c9DIAS TUNISIENS, ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Olivier Koch, \u00ab Les m\u00e9dias dans les \u00ab transitions d\u00e9mocratiques \u00bb : \u00e9tat des lieux et prospective \u00bb, Questions de communication [En ligne], 28 | 2015, mis en ligne le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2017, consult\u00e9 le 17 janvier 2025. <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michel de Certeau : \u00ab On suppose rappelle-t-il, \u00ab qu\u2019assimiler signifie n\u00e9cessairement devenir semblable \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on absorbe, et non le rendre semblable \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on est, le faire sien, se l\u2019approprier ou r\u00e9approprier \u00bb. L\u2019invention du quotidien. I. Arts de faire, Paris, Gallimard \u00ab Folio Essais\u00a0\u00bb (1991\u00a0: 241).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.inric.tn\/rapports\/en\/INRIC_Rapport_final_en.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.inric.tn\/rapports\/en\/INRIC_Rapport_final_en.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627: \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 23 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2011\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u201c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larbi Chouikha, \u00ab La difficile entreprise de r\u00e9former les m\u00e9dias en Tunisie \u00bb, Communication [En ligne], Vol. 32\/1 | 2013, mis en ligne le 06 mars 2014, consult\u00e9 le 10 d\u00e9cembre 2024. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/communication\/4692<\/span> ;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_36226_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_36226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_36226_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Olivier Koch, \u201d Les m\u00e9dias dans les \u2019 transitions d\u00e9mocratiques \u2018 : \u00e9tat des lieux et prospective \u201c, <em>Questions de communication<\/em> [En ligne], 28 | 2015, online 31 December 2017, accessed 17 January 2025. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/10108.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_36226_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_36226_1').show(); 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