{"id":34561,"date":"2024-10-25T10:46:54","date_gmt":"2024-10-25T08:46:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=34561"},"modified":"2024-10-30T13:10:34","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T12:10:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 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\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Mohamed Abdel Raouf Abdel Hamid, \u201cClimate Change in the Arab World, Threats and Responses,\u201d in <em>Troubled Waters: Climate Change, Hydropolitics, and Transboundary Resources<\/em>, eds. David Michel and Amit Pandya, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2009: 45-46.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2010\/troubled-waters-climate-change-hydropolitics-and-transboundary-resources\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2010\/troubled-waters-climate-change-hydropolitics-and-transboundary-resources\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 45 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: UNEP, <em>GEO-6 Global Environment Outlook: Regional Assessment for West Asia<\/em>, 2016 <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2022\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0647 272 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u00a0Rudaw, \u201cIraq to Face Tenth Dust Wave in Two Months\u201d, 29 May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/iraq\/29052022\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/iraq\/29052022<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_4', tipClass: 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Shawn Yuan, \u201cSandstorms Hit Iraq, Sending Thousands to Hospital\u201d, <em>The Lancet<\/em> 399(10340), 28 May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00972-2\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00972-2<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zeinab Shuker, <em>The Deep Roots of Iraq\u2019s Climate Crisis<\/em>, The Century Foundation, 11 July 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/the-deep-roots-of-iraqs-climate-crisis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/the-deep-roots-of-iraqs-climate-crisis\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Omar Dewachi, <em>Ungovernable Life: Mandatory Medicine and Statecraft in Iraq<\/em>, Stanford University Press, 2017, Kali Rubaii, \u201cBirth Defects and the Toxic Legacy of War in Iraq\u201d, MERIP 296, 22 September 2020. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/<\/span> Eric Bonds, \u201cLegitimating the Environmental Injustices of War: Toxic Exposures and Media Silence in Iraq and Afghanistan\u201d, Environmental Politics 25(3), 2016: 395-413.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_7').tooltip({ tip: 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<em>Global Environment Outlook GEO-6: Regional Assessment for West Asia<\/em>, 2016: 78. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064d 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karam F. Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, \u201cAddressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0650\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Natasha Hall and Caleb Harper, \u201cLocal to Global: Tensions Course through Iraq\u2019s Waterways\u201d, 12 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/local-global-tensions-course-through-iraqs-waterways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/local-global-tensions-course-through-iraqs-waterways<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645&#8221; 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Kali Rubaii, \u201cBirth Defects and the Toxic Legacy of War in Iraq\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 296, 22 September 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zahra Ali, \u201cFrom Recognition to Redistribution? Protest Movements in Iraq in the Age of \u2018New Civil Society\u2019\u201d, <em>Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding<\/em> 15(4), 2021: 532.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0633-\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064050 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">World Bank Group, <em>Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Iraq<\/em>, 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064d \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Juliette Duclos-Valois, \u201cUnder the Baghdad Sun\u201d, Anthropology News website, 7 February 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anthropology-news.org\/articles\/under-the-baghdad-sun\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.anthropology-news.org\/articles\/under-the-baghdad-sun\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064e \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South<\/em>, Earthscan, 1997; Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation<\/em>. Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2002; Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0634\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeannie Sowers, \u201cEnvironmental Activism in the Middle East and North Africa\u201d, in <em>Environmental Politics in the Middle East<\/em>, ed. 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Verhoeven, Oxford University Press\/Hurst Publishers, 2018: 27\u201352.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Save the Tigris, \u201cLetter from Save the Tigris to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Concerns and Requests regarding the Ahwar of Iraq\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/letter-of-save-the-tigris-submits-to-the-unesco-world-heritage-centre-concerns-and-requests-regarding-the-ahwar-of-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/letter-of-save-the-tigris-submits-to-the-unesco-world-heritage-centre-concerns-and-requests-regarding-the-ahwar-of-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a).<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629).<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u25cf \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>3. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 500 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">OHCHR, \u201cHuman Rights Violations and Abuses in the Context of Demonstrations in Iraq October 2019 to April 2020,\u201d United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq, August 2020: 6. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/IQ\/Demonstrations-Iraq-UNAMI-OHCHR-report.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/IQ\/Demonstrations-Iraq-UNAMI-OHCHR-report.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 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href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iraq\/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iraq\/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19\u060c &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 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tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a &#8220;\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 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\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, n+1, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_23', tipClass: 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/x.com\/JeanineHennis\/status\/1192035729687416832<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0631\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629\u064d \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 &#8220;<em>\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u0643 \u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/em>&#8220;. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf and Omar al-Jaffal, \u201c\u2018Basra is Burning\u2019: The Protests in Basra Governorate 2018\u201d, LSE Middle East Center Paper Series 54, October 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u064d 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zahra Ali, \u201cIraqis Demand a Country,\u201d <em>MERIP<\/em> 292\/3, Fall\/Winter 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2019\/12\/iraqis-demand-a-country\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2019\/12\/iraqis-demand-a-country\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Protesters Set Fire to Iranian Consulate in Basra\u201d, <em>Guardian<\/em>, 7 September 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/07\/protesters-set-fire-to-iranian-consulate-in-basra\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/07\/protesters-set-fire-to-iranian-consulate-in-basra<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 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the Shatt Al-Arab River\u201d, <em>International Journal of Engineering and Technology<\/em> 7(4), 2018: 129. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.20.25913\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.20.25913<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064e\u0636\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Azhar Al-Rubaie, Michael Mason, and Zainab Mehdi, \u201cFailing Flows: Water Management in Southern Iraq\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series (52), Middle East Centre, LSE, London, UK, 2021: 10.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/<\/span> ; <\/a>Human Rights Watch,<em> Iraq: Security Forces Fire on Protesters<\/em>, 24 July 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/07\/24\/iraq-security-forces-fire-protesters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/07\/24\/iraq-security-forces-fire-protesters<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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Khalaf and Omar al-Jaffal, \u201c\u2018Basra is Burning\u2019: The Protests in Basra Governorate 2018\u201d, LSE Middle East Center Paper Series 54, October 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a> ; Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFrom Muhasasa to Mawatana: Consociationalism and Identity Transformation within the Protest Movement in Federal Iraq, 2011\u20132019\u201d, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 30(1), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a> ; Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFrom Muhasasa to Mawatana: Consociationalism and Identity Transformation within the Protest Movement in Federal Iraq, 2011\u20132019\u201d, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 30(1), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 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href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>3.2. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 18 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/285684\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/285684\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/crisis24.garda.com\/alerts\/2023\/03\/iraq-clashes-between-protesters-and-security-forces-in-al-islah-dhi-qar-governorate-march-15<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2022\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 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Water Scarcity\u201d, 21 February 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alsharqiya.com\/en\/news\/demonstration-in-dhi-qar-protesting-the-water-scarcity\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.alsharqiya.com\/en\/news\/demonstration-in-dhi-qar-protesting-the-water-scarcity<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b 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\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/assabeel.net\/news\/2021\/7\/12\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%a8%d9%86%d9%89-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/assabeel.net\/news\/2021\/7\/12\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">40<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c 3 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/economy\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/economy\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0631\u064e\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a 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Basra, Thi-Qar and Missan<\/em>, 2022: 18.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u064e\u0645\u0629\u064e \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 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\u201cCompeting Over the Tigris: The Politics of Water Governance in Iraq\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">45<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hayder Al-Shakeri, \u201cTackling Barriers to Climate Reform in Iraq\u201d, Chatham House, 1 March 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/tackling-barriers-to-climate-reform-in-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/tackling-barriers-to-climate-reform-in-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">46<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">United Nations Environment Programme, <em>The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem, Early Warning and Assessment<\/em>, 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/465842\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/465842<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0641\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 90 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1991.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">47<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ariel A. Ahram, \u201cDevelopment, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes,\u201d <em>International Journal of Middle East Studies<\/em> 47, 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a\u00a0 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">48<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Save the Tigris, \u201cEnvironmental Activists of Hawizeh Marshes Decry Poor Management of Iraq\u2019s Wetlands\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0632. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">49<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Roger Guiu, \u201cWhen Canals Run Dry: Displacement Triggered by Water Stress in the South of Iraq\u201d, <em>Social Inquiry<\/em>, February 2020:14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/publications\/when-canals-run-dry-displacement-triggered-by-water-stress-in-the-south-of-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/publications\/when-canals-run-dry-displacement-triggered-by-water-stress-in-the-south-of-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">50<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Save the Tigris, \u201cEnvironmental Activists of Hawizeh Marshes Decry Poor Management of Iraq\u2019s Wetlands\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0636\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">51<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ansar Jasim, \u201cIraq\u2019s Environmental Struggle against Foreign Rapacity and Local Greed\u201d, Heinrich Boll Stiftung, 26 April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/en\/2024\/04\/26\/iraqs-environmental-struggle-against-foreign-rapacity-and-local-greed\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/en\/2024\/04\/26\/iraqs-environmental-struggle-against-foreign-rapacity-and-local-greed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0641\u0641\u060c\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">52<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stephen Lonergan, \u201cDon\u00b4t Be Afraid for the Marshes,\u201d <em>AlJazeera<\/em>, 4 May 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/longform\/2024\/5\/4\/dont-be-afraid-for-the-marshes-the-battle-to-save-iraqs-waterways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/longform\/2024\/5\/4\/dont-be-afraid-for-the-marshes-the-battle-to-save-iraqs-waterways<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642&#8221; \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064d \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 15 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">53<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Human Rights Watch, \u201cIraq: Environmentalists Face Retaliation\u201d, 23 February 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_53', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">54<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zeinab Shuker, \u201cAshura Rituals in Iraq Highlight Environmental Crisis, New Lines Magazine, 15 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/reportage\/ashura-rituals-in-iraq-highlight-environmental-crisis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/reportage\/ashura-rituals-in-iraq-highlight-environmental-crisis\/<\/span><\/a> ; Samya Kullab, \u201cSalt, Drought Decimate Buffaloes in Iraq&#8217;s Southern Marshes\u201d, <em>Independent<\/em>, 23 November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/iraq-ap-turkey-saddam-hussein-ankara-b2231105.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/iraq-ap-turkey-saddam-hussein-ankara-b2231105.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a 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role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">55<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a 2019. 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\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631. \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0630 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">56<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marsin Alshamary, \u201cThe New Iraqi Opposition\u201d, The Clingendael Institute CRU Report, August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/publication\/new-iraqi-opposition\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/publication\/new-iraqi-opposition<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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href=\"https:\/\/ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A4-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%9F\/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AA\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com\/\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634.. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0624 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">60<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">61<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marsin Alshamary, \u201cThe New Iraqi Opposition\u201d, The Clingendael Institute CRU Report<em>, <\/em>August 2023, 13-14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202308\/The%20New%20Iraqi%20Opposition.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202308\/The%20New%20Iraqi%20Opposition.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0648 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_62');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_62');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">62<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_62\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020: 43-44. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_62').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_62', tipClass: 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\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">63<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton, \u201cCompeting Over the Tigris: The Politics of Water Governance in Iraq\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">65<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_65\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Social Inquiry, \u201cFarmer, Where Art Thou? Exploring Agricultural Trends in Iraq Amidst Economic and Environmental Crises\u201d, March 2023. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.social-inquiry.org\/reports-1\/2023\/3\/7\/farmer-where-art-thou<\/span> See also, Alex Simon, \u201cA Flood of Concrete: Iraq\u2019s Construction Boom Threatens Its Food\u201d, Synaps, 22 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/en\/post\/Iraq-concrete-urbanization-agriculture\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/en\/post\/Iraq-concrete-urbanization-agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_66\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cClimate Change and Water Scarcity Are Turning Iraq into a Land of Turmoil\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/climate-change-and-water-scarcity-are-turning-iraq-into-a-land-of-turmoil\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/climate-change-and-water-scarcity-are-turning-iraq-into-a-land-of-turmoil\/<\/span><\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/208057\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/208057\/<\/span><\/a> \u00a0; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2022\/11\/9\/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2022\/11\/9\/<\/span><\/a>;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_66').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_66', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>5. \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0634\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a 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\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_67');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_67');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">67<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_67\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_67').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_67', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_68');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_68');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_68\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">68<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_68\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_68').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_68', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/li>\n<li>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_69\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">69<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_69\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>; Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_69').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_69', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631 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Guarasci, \u201cThe National Park: Reviving Eden in Iraq\u2019s Marshes\u201d, <em>The Arab Studies Journal<\/em> 23(1), 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_70').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_70', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_71');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_71\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">71<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_71\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Conflict and Environment Observatory, <em>The Past, Present and Future of the Mesopotamian Marshes<\/em>, September 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-mesopotamian-marshes\/#4\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ceobs.org\/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-mesopotamian-marshes\/#4<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_71').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_71', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_72');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_72');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_72\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">72<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_72\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_72').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_72', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064d 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_73');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_73');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_73\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">73<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_73\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Planetary Security Initiative, <em>Basra Forum for Climate, Environment and Security<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetarysecurityinitiative.org\/basra-forum-climate-environment-and-security\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.planetarysecurityinitiative.org\/basra-forum-climate-environment-and-security<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_73').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_73', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, 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Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, <em>Addressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability<\/em>, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_77').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_77', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a IRIS \u0648 PAX 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true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_80');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_80');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_80\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">80<\/sup><\/a><span 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href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/anti-corruption-lebanon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/anti-corruption-lebanon<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_80').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_80', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0639 551 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2003.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_81');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_81');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_81\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">81<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_81\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Renad Mansour, \u201cThe Deadly Greed of Iraq\u2019s Elites\u201d, Chatham House, 29 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2022-10\/deadly-greed-iraqs-elite\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2022-10\/deadly-greed-iraqs-elite<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_81').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_81', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', 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href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_82').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_82', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_83');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_83');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_83\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">83<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_83\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zahra Ali and Safaa Khalaf, \u201cSouthern Discontent Spurs an Iraqi Protest Movement\u201d, <em>Current History<\/em> 117(803), December 2018: 338\u2013343.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_83').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_83', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 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class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/iraq\/overview<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_84').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_84', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_85\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">85<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_85\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton and Zmkan Ali Saleem, <em>Iraq\u2019s Political Marketplace at the Subnational Level: The Struggle for Power in Three Provinces<\/em>, Conflict Research Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_85').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_85', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">86<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_86\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bamo Nouri, <em>Elite Theory and the 2003 Iraq Occupation by the United States<\/em>, Routledge, 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_86').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_86', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/u><\/strong>\u060c 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\u0642\u0648\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_87');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_87');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_87\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">87<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_87\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, <em>The Century Foundation<\/em>, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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href=\"https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/writers\/zeinab-shuker\/\">Zeinab Shuker<\/a>, \u201cWater, Oil and Iraq\u2019s Climate Future\u201d, <em>Middle East Report Online<\/em>, 29 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_88').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_88', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a (2014-2018)\u060c 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September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/in-depth-63136485\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/in-depth-63136485<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_89').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_89', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_90');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_90');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_90\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">90<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_90\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Iraq News Agency, 3 November 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/ina.iq\/eng\/15198-a-supreme-committee-headed-by-al-kadhimi-to-reduce-environmental-pollution.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ina.iq\/eng\/15198-a-supreme-committee-headed-by-al-kadhimi-to-reduce-environmental-pollution.html<\/span> <\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_90').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_90', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_91');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_91\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">91<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_91\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 29 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/rnwE\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/rnwE<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_91').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_91', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_92');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_92');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_92\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">92<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_92\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joe Sandler Clarke, \u201cBig Oil\u2019s Dirty Secret in Iraq\u201d, <em>Greenpeace Unearthed<\/em>, 29 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.unearthed.greenpeace.org\/big-oil-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/projects.unearthed.greenpeace.org\/big-oil-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_92').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_92', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0644\u0651\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_93');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_93');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_93\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">93<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_93\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Basra Is Thirsty: Iraq\u2019s Failure to Manage the Water Crisis<\/em>, 22 July 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/07\/22\/basra-thirsty\/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/07\/22\/basra-thirsty\/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_93').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_93', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0637.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_94');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_94');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_94\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">94<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_94\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sara Manisera and Daniela Sala in Al Khora, \u201cIraq\u2019s oil boom blamed for worsening water crisis in drought-hit south,\u201d The Guardian, 3 June 2023.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2023\/jun\/03\/iraqs-oil-boom-blamed-for-worsening-water-crisis-in-drought-hit-south\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2023\/jun\/03\/iraqs-oil-boom-blamed-for-worsening-water-crisis-in-drought-hit-south<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_94').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_94', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 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\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2023 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_96');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_96');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_96\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">96<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_96\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Baghdad Today News, 15 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/eA6n8e\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/eA6n8e<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_96').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_96', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_101\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">101<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_101\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges: Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d [Webinar], Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_101').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_101', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, 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\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_102');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_102');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_102\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">102<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_102\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BBC, \u201cUnder Poisoned Skies\u201d, 28 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/iplayer\/episode\/p0d34rtt\/under-poisoned-skies\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/iplayer\/episode\/p0d34rtt\/under-poisoned-skies<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_103');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_103');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_103\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">103<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_103\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_105').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_105', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_106\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">106<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_106\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hind Abdulraheem Akooly, <em>A Graveyard for Expertise: Post-Invasion Iraq and the Death of Techno-Politics,<\/em> thesis, American University of Beirut, July 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/bitstream\/handle\/10938\/21930\/The%20Death%20of%20Techno-politics_AkoolyH_2020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/bitstream\/handle\/10938\/21930\/The%20Death%20of%20Techno-politics_AkoolyH_2020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_106').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_106', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_107');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_107');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_107\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">107<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_107\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">International Labour Organization, \u201cFactsheet: The ILO in Iraq\u201d, 20 January 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/ilo-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/ilo-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_107').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_107', tipClass: 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\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_108');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_108');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_108\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">108<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_108\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Taif Alkhudary, \u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges:\u00a0 Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d , Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_108').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_108', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 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Organization, <em>Iraq Labor Force Survey 2021<\/em>, 5 July 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/iraq-labour-force-survey-2021\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/iraq-labour-force-survey-2021<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_109').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_109', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> &#8211; \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_112');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_112');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_112\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">112<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_112\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zeinab Shuker, \u201cWater, Oil and Iraq\u2019s Climate Future\u201d, Middle East Report Online, 29 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_112').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_112', 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\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_113');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_113');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_113\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">113<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_113\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Azhar Al-Rubaie, Michael Mason, and Mehdi, Zainab, \u201cFailing Flows: Water Management in Southern Iraq\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series (52), Middle East Centre, LSE, London, UK, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_113').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_113', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_114').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_114', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0638\u0631 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/feaXol8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/feaXol<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_115').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_115', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_116');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_116');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_116\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">116<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_116\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_116').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_116', tipClass: 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Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_117').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_117', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">118<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_118\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karam F. Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, \u201cAddressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024: 13. See also, \u201cIraq: Withdraw Problematic Draft Right to Information Act,\u201d Article 19, 23 July 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/resources\/iraq-withdraw-problematic-draft-right-to-information-act\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.article19.org\/resources\/iraq-withdraw-problematic-draft-right-to-information-act\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_118').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_118', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>6.3. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_119');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_119');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_119\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">119<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_119\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges:\u00a0 Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d [Webinar], Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024; Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201cWe want to have a positive impact\u201d: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202, 211. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_129\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">129<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_129\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Medecins Sans Frontieres, &#8220;MSF halts key medical activities in Mosul due to administrative obstacles\u201d, 5 July 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msf.org\/iraq-msf-halts-key-medical-activities-mosul-due-administrative-obstacle\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.msf.org\/iraq-msf-halts-key-medical-activities-mosul-due-administrative-obstacle<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_129').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_129', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0636\u062f \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_131');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_131');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_131\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">131<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_131\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Julia Choucair Vizoso, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Environmentalists and the Fight for Nature: Reflecting on Successes and Failures of Recent Mobilizations\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 4 January 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/lebanons-environmentalists-and-the-fight-for-nature-reflecting-on-successes-and-failures-of-recent-mobilizations\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/lebanons-environmentalists-and-the-fight-for-nature-reflecting-on-successes-and-failures-of-recent-mobilizations\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_131').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_131', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_132');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_132\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">132<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_132\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeffrey G. Karam and Rima Majed, <em>The Lebanon Uprising of 2019: Voices of the Revolution<\/em>, I.B. Tauris, 2023.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_132').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_132', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_133');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_133');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_133\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">133<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_133\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thea Riofrancos, <em>Resource Radicals: From Petro-Nationalism to Post-Extractivism in Ecuador<\/em>, Duke University Press, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_133').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_133', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_134');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_134\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">134<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_134\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thea Riofrancos, \u201cWhat Comes After Extractivism\u201d, <em>Dissent<\/em>, Winter 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dissentmagazine.org\/article\/what-comes-after-extractivism\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dissentmagazine.org\/article\/what-comes-after-extractivism\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_134').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_134', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_135');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34561_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_135');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_135\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">135<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_135\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fengshi Wu and Ellie Martus, \u201cContested Environmentalism: The Politics of Waste in China and Russia,\u201d <em>Environmental Politics<\/em>, 30(4), 2021: 493-512. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09644016.2020.1816367\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09644016.2020.1816367<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_135').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34561_1_135', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a 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class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34561_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34561_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34561_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_34561_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (UNEP)\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e (CCVI) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Maplecroft\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 193 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Mohamed Abdel Raouf Abdel Hamid, \u201cClimate Change in the Arab World, Threats and Responses,\u201d in <em>Troubled Waters: Climate Change, Hydropolitics, and Transboundary Resources<\/em>, eds. David Michel and Amit Pandya, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2009: 45-46.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2010\/troubled-waters-climate-change-hydropolitics-and-transboundary-resources\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2010\/troubled-waters-climate-change-hydropolitics-and-transboundary-resources\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 45 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: UNEP, <em>GEO-6 Global Environment Outlook: Regional Assessment for West Asia<\/em>, 2016 <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 (ND-Gain) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 154 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 192 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/gain.nd.edu\/our-work\/country-index\/rankings\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/gain.nd.edu\/our-work\/country-index\/rankings\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627: \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.\u00a0 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, <em>Climate Change and Vulnerability in the Middle East<\/em>, July 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/posts\/2023\/07\/climate-change-and-vulnerability-in-the-middle-east?lang=en#iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/posts\/2023\/07\/climate-change-and-vulnerability-in-the-middle-east?lang=en#iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062d\u0630\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/ \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2022\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0647 272 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u00a0Rudaw, \u201cIraq to Face Tenth Dust Wave in Two Months\u201d, 29 May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/iraq\/29052022\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/middleeast\/iraq\/29052022<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Shawn Yuan, \u201cSandstorms Hit Iraq, Sending Thousands to Hospital\u201d, <em>The Lancet<\/em> 399(10340), 28 May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00972-2\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00972-2<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zeinab Shuker, <em>The Deep Roots of Iraq\u2019s Climate Crisis<\/em>, The Century Foundation, 11 July 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/the-deep-roots-of-iraqs-climate-crisis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/the-deep-roots-of-iraqs-climate-crisis\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Omar Dewachi, <em>Ungovernable Life: Mandatory Medicine and Statecraft in Iraq<\/em>, Stanford University Press, 2017, Kali Rubaii, \u201cBirth Defects and the Toxic Legacy of War in Iraq\u201d, MERIP 296, 22 September 2020. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/<\/span> Eric Bonds, \u201cLegitimating the Environmental Injustices of War: Toxic Exposures and Media Silence in Iraq and Afghanistan\u201d, Environmental Politics 25(3), 2016: 395-413.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United Nations Environment Programme, <em>Global Environment Outlook GEO-6: Regional Assessment for West Asia<\/em>, 2016: 78. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/geo-6-global-environment-outlook-regional-assessment-west-asia<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karam F. Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, \u201cAddressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Natasha Hall and Caleb Harper, \u201cLocal to Global: Tensions Course through Iraq\u2019s Waterways\u201d, 12 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/local-global-tensions-course-through-iraqs-waterways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/local-global-tensions-course-through-iraqs-waterways<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Omar Dewachi, \u201cThe Toxicity of Everyday Survival in Iraq\u201d, <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>, 13 August 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/29295\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/29295<\/span><\/a>; Kali Rubaii, \u201cBirth Defects and the Toxic Legacy of War in Iraq\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 296, 22 September 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/09\/birth-defects-and-the-toxic-legacy-of-war-in-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zahra Ali, \u201cFrom Recognition to Redistribution? Protest Movements in Iraq in the Age of \u2018New Civil Society\u2019\u201d, <em>Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding<\/em> 15(4), 2021: 532.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">World Bank Group, <em>Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Iraq<\/em>, 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Juliette Duclos-Valois, \u201cUnder the Baghdad Sun\u201d, Anthropology News website, 7 February 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anthropology-news.org\/articles\/under-the-baghdad-sun\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.anthropology-news.org\/articles\/under-the-baghdad-sun\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South<\/em>, Earthscan, 1997; Juan Martinez-Alier, <em>The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation<\/em>. Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2002; Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeannie Sowers, \u201cEnvironmental Activism in the Middle East and North Africa\u201d, in <em>Environmental Politics in the Middle East<\/em>, ed. H. Verhoeven, Oxford University Press\/Hurst Publishers, 2018: 27\u201352.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Save the Tigris, \u201cLetter from Save the Tigris to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Concerns and Requests regarding the Ahwar of Iraq\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/letter-of-save-the-tigris-submits-to-the-unesco-world-heritage-centre-concerns-and-requests-regarding-the-ahwar-of-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/letter-of-save-the-tigris-submits-to-the-unesco-world-heritage-centre-concerns-and-requests-regarding-the-ahwar-of-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">OHCHR, \u201cHuman Rights Violations and Abuses in the Context of Demonstrations in Iraq October 2019 to April 2020,\u201d United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq, August 2020: 6. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/IQ\/Demonstrations-Iraq-UNAMI-OHCHR-report.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/IQ\/Demonstrations-Iraq-UNAMI-OHCHR-report.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Crisis Group, <em>Iraq\u2019s Tishreen Uprising: From Barricades to Ballot Box<\/em>, Report No. 223, 26 July 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iraq\/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/middle-east-north-africa\/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula\/iraq\/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rima Majed, <em>Lebanon and Iraq in 2019: Revolutionary Uprisings Against \u2018Sectarian Neoliberalism\u2019<\/em>, Transnational Institute, 27 October 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tni.org\/en\/article\/lebanon-and-iraq-in-2019\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tni.org\/en\/article\/lebanon-and-iraq-in-2019<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, n+1, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zahra Ali, \u201cTheorising Uprisings: Iraq\u2019s Thawra Teshreen\u201d, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em> 45 (10), 2024: 1584. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeanine Hennis, 6 November 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/JeanineHennis\/status\/1192035729687416832\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/x.com\/JeanineHennis\/status\/1192035729687416832<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf and Omar al-Jaffal, \u201c\u2018Basra is Burning\u2019: The Protests in Basra Governorate 2018\u201d, LSE Middle East Center Paper Series 54, October 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zahra Ali, \u201cIraqis Demand a Country,\u201d <em>MERIP<\/em> 292\/3, Fall\/Winter 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2019\/12\/iraqis-demand-a-country\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2019\/12\/iraqis-demand-a-country\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Protesters Set Fire to Iranian Consulate in Basra\u201d, <em>Guardian<\/em>, 7 September 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/07\/protesters-set-fire-to-iranian-consulate-in-basra\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/07\/protesters-set-fire-to-iranian-consulate-in-basra<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khayyun Amtair Rahi, \u201cSalinity Management in the Shatt Al-Arab River\u201d, <em>International Journal of Engineering and Technology<\/em> 7(4), 2018: 129. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.20.25913\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.20.25913<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Azhar Al-Rubaie, Michael Mason, and Zainab Mehdi, \u201cFailing Flows: Water Management in Southern Iraq\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series (52), Middle East Centre, LSE, London, UK, 2021: 10.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/<\/span> ; <\/a>Human Rights Watch,<em> Iraq: Security Forces Fire on Protesters<\/em>, 24 July 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/07\/24\/iraq-security-forces-fire-protesters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/07\/24\/iraq-security-forces-fire-protesters<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf and Omar al-Jaffal, \u201c\u2018Basra is Burning\u2019: The Protests in Basra Governorate 2018\u201d, LSE Middle East Center Paper Series 54, October 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/112204\/1\/Basra_is_burning.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a> ; Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFrom Muhasasa to Mawatana: Consociationalism and Identity Transformation within the Protest Movement in Federal Iraq, 2011\u20132019\u201d, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 30(1), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a> ; Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFrom Muhasasa to Mawatana: Consociationalism and Identity Transformation within the Protest Movement in Federal Iraq, 2011\u20132019\u201d, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 30(1), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Taif Alkhudary, \u201cFrom Muhasasa to Mawatana: Consociationalism and Identity Transformation within the Protest Movement in Federal Iraq, 2011\u20132019\u201d, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 30(1), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13537113.2023.2230712<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 18 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/285684\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/285684\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Crisis 24, \u201cIraq: Clashes between protesters and security forces in Al Islah, Dhi Qar Governorate,\u201d 15 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/crisis24.garda.com\/alerts\/2023\/03\/iraq-clashes-between-protesters-and-security-forces-in-al-islah-dhi-qar-governorate-march-15\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/crisis24.garda.com\/alerts\/2023\/03\/iraq-clashes-between-protesters-and-security-forces-in-al-islah-dhi-qar-governorate-march-15<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AlSharqiya, \u201cDemonstration in Dhi Qar Protesting the Water Scarcity\u201d, 21 February 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alsharqiya.com\/en\/news\/demonstration-in-dhi-qar-protesting-the-water-scarcity\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.alsharqiya.com\/en\/news\/demonstration-in-dhi-qar-protesting-the-water-scarcity<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c 12 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u00a0 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/assabeel.net\/news\/2021\/7\/12\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%a8%d9%86%d9%89-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/assabeel.net\/news\/2021\/7\/12\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c 3 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/economy\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/economy\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rudawarabia.net\/arabic\/business\/250120233\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rudawarabia.net\/arabic\/business\/250120233<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Organization for Migration, <em>A Climate of Fragility: Household Profiling in the South of Iraq: Basra, Thi-Qar and Missan<\/em>, 2022: 18.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Organization for Migration, <em>A Climate of Fragility: Household Profiling in the South of Iraq: Basra, Thi-Qar and Missan<\/em>, 2022: 18.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/iraq\/climate-fragility-household-profiling-south-iraq-basra-thi-qar-and-missan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cCompeting Over the Tigris: The Politics of Water Governance in Iraq\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hayder Al-Shakeri, \u201cTackling Barriers to Climate Reform in Iraq\u201d, Chatham House, 1 March 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/tackling-barriers-to-climate-reform-in-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/tackling-barriers-to-climate-reform-in-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United Nations Environment Programme, <em>The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem, Early Warning and Assessment<\/em>, 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/465842\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/465842<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ariel A. Ahram, \u201cDevelopment, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes,\u201d <em>International Journal of Middle East Studies<\/em> 47, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Save the Tigris, \u201cEnvironmental Activists of Hawizeh Marshes Decry Poor Management of Iraq\u2019s Wetlands\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Roger Guiu, \u201cWhen Canals Run Dry: Displacement Triggered by Water Stress in the South of Iraq\u201d, <em>Social Inquiry<\/em>, February 2020:14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/publications\/when-canals-run-dry-displacement-triggered-by-water-stress-in-the-south-of-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/publications\/when-canals-run-dry-displacement-triggered-by-water-stress-in-the-south-of-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Save the Tigris, \u201cEnvironmental Activists of Hawizeh Marshes Decry Poor Management of Iraq\u2019s Wetlands\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethetigris.org\/environmental-activists-of-hawizeh-marshes-decry-poor-management-of-iraqs-wetlands\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ansar Jasim, \u201cIraq\u2019s Environmental Struggle against Foreign Rapacity and Local Greed\u201d, Heinrich Boll Stiftung, 26 April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/en\/2024\/04\/26\/iraqs-environmental-struggle-against-foreign-rapacity-and-local-greed\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/en\/2024\/04\/26\/iraqs-environmental-struggle-against-foreign-rapacity-and-local-greed<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stephen Lonergan, \u201cDon\u00b4t Be Afraid for the Marshes,\u201d <em>AlJazeera<\/em>, 4 May 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/longform\/2024\/5\/4\/dont-be-afraid-for-the-marshes-the-battle-to-save-iraqs-waterways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/longform\/2024\/5\/4\/dont-be-afraid-for-the-marshes-the-battle-to-save-iraqs-waterways<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, \u201cIraq: Environmentalists Face Retaliation\u201d, 23 February 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zeinab Shuker, \u201cAshura Rituals in Iraq Highlight Environmental Crisis, New Lines Magazine, 15 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/reportage\/ashura-rituals-in-iraq-highlight-environmental-crisis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/reportage\/ashura-rituals-in-iraq-highlight-environmental-crisis\/<\/span><\/a> ; Samya Kullab, \u201cSalt, Drought Decimate Buffaloes in Iraq&#8217;s Southern Marshes\u201d, <em>Independent<\/em>, 23 November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/iraq-ap-turkey-saddam-hussein-ankara-b2231105.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/iraq-ap-turkey-saddam-hussein-ankara-b2231105.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marsin Alshamary, \u201cThe New Iraqi Opposition\u201d, The Clingendael Institute CRU Report, August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/publication\/new-iraqi-opposition\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/publication\/new-iraqi-opposition<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 18\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 . <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/B3MUPsD\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/B3MUPsD<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634.. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0624 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u061f 25 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\/\u0622\u0628 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A4-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%9F\/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AA\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com\/\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634.. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0624 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 20 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/emtidadiraq\/posts\/pfbid0tT5WCpp1V66WQWqU1tiR24ZAyrtuRXDLzw8vcqnwfLtZPGp2y1kAanUeutZE5AZPl\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/emtidadiraq\/posts\/pfbid0tT5WCpp1V66WQWqU1tiR24ZAyrtuRXDLzw8vcqnwfLtZPGp2y1kAanUeutZE5AZPl<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rijin Sahakian, \u201cExtraction Rebellion: A Green Zone of Hope\u201d, <em>n+1<\/em>, 26 November 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/extraction-rebellion\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_61');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marsin Alshamary, \u201cThe New Iraqi Opposition\u201d, The Clingendael Institute CRU Report<em>, <\/em>August 2023, 13-14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202308\/The%20New%20Iraqi%20Opposition.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/sites\/default\/files\/202308\/The%20New%20Iraqi%20Opposition.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_62');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rima Majed, \u201cContemporary Social Movements in Iraq: Mapping the Labor Movement and the 2015 Mobilizations\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, October 2020: 43-44. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/en\/publication\/id\/43223\/contemporary-social-movements-in-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_63');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cCompeting Over the Tigris: The Politics of Water Governance in Iraq\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_64');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 18\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/B3MUPsD\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/B3MUPsD<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_65');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>65<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Social Inquiry, \u201cFarmer, Where Art Thou? Exploring Agricultural Trends in Iraq Amidst Economic and Environmental Crises\u201d, March 2023. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.social-inquiry.org\/reports-1\/2023\/3\/7\/farmer-where-art-thou<\/span> See also, Alex Simon, \u201cA Flood of Concrete: Iraq\u2019s Construction Boom Threatens Its Food\u201d, Synaps, 22 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/en\/post\/Iraq-concrete-urbanization-agriculture\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/en\/post\/Iraq-concrete-urbanization-agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_66');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>66<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cClimate Change and Water Scarcity Are Turning Iraq into a Land of Turmoil\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/climate-change-and-water-scarcity-are-turning-iraq-into-a-land-of-turmoil\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/climate-change-and-water-scarcity-are-turning-iraq-into-a-land-of-turmoil\/<\/span><\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/208057\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/almadapaper.net\/208057\/<\/span><\/a> \u00a0; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2022\/11\/9\/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/politics\/2022\/11\/9\/<\/span><\/a>;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_67');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>67<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_68\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_68');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>68<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_69\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_69');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>69<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>; Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_70\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_70');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>70<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bridget L. Guarasci, \u201cThe National Park: Reviving Eden in Iraq\u2019s Marshes\u201d, <em>The Arab Studies Journal<\/em> 23(1), 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_71\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_71');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>71<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Conflict and Environment Observatory, <em>The Past, Present and Future of the Mesopotamian Marshes<\/em>, September 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-mesopotamian-marshes\/#4\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ceobs.org\/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-mesopotamian-marshes\/#4<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_72\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_72');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>72<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Safaa Khalaf, \u201cEnvironmental Mobilization in Iraq: NGOs, Local Actors and the Challenge of Climate Change\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 25 May 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/environmental-mobilization-in-iraq-ngos-and-local-actors-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_73\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_73');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>73<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Planetary Security Initiative, <em>Basra Forum for Climate, Environment and Security<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetarysecurityinitiative.org\/basra-forum-climate-environment-and-security\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.planetarysecurityinitiative.org\/basra-forum-climate-environment-and-security<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_74\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_74');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>74<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c 19-23 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2018<em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nissan-ngo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nissan-ngo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c <\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_75\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_75');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>75<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_76\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_76');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>76<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631-\u0645\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_77\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_77');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>77<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karam F. Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, <em>Addressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability<\/em>, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/publications\/addressing-challenges-water-environmental-governance-role-iraqi-youth-fostering<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_78\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_78');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>78<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Institute of Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraq Sulaimani, <em>Strengthening Collective Climate and Environment Action in Iraq.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/projects\/strengthening-collective-climate-and-environment-action-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.auis.edu.krd\/iris\/projects\/strengthening-collective-climate-and-environment-action-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_79\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_79');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>79<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zahra Ali, \u201cTheorising Uprisings: Iraq\u2019s Thawra Teshreen\u201d, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em> 45(10), 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2022.2161359<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_80\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_80');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>80<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Fawwaz Traboulsi, <em>Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon<\/em>, Heinrich-B\u00f6ll Foundation Middle East Office, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/sites\/default\/files\/fawaz_english_draft.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lb.boell.org\/sites\/default\/files\/fawaz_english_draft.pdf<\/span><\/a> ; Karim Merhej and Sintia Issa, \u201dAnti-Corruption: A Neoliberal Strategy to Breate New Life into Lebanon\u00b4s Spoils-Sharing System\u201d, 12 April 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/anti-corruption-lebanon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/anti-corruption-lebanon<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_81\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_81');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>81<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Renad Mansour, \u201cThe Deadly Greed of Iraq\u2019s Elites\u201d, Chatham House, 29 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2022-10\/deadly-greed-iraqs-elite\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2022-10\/deadly-greed-iraqs-elite<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_82\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_82');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>82<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton and Zmkan Ali Saleem, <em>Iraq\u2019s Political Marketplace at the Subnational Level: The Struggle for Power in Three Provinces<\/em>, Conflict Research Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_83\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_83');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>83<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zahra Ali and Safaa Khalaf, \u201cSouthern Discontent Spurs an Iraqi Protest Movement\u201d, <em>Current History<\/em> 117(803), December 2018: 338\u2013343.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_84\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_84');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>84<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The World Bank, \u201cThe World Bank in Iraq\u201d, 1 June 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/iraq\/overview\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/iraq\/overview<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_85\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_85');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>85<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton and Zmkan Ali Saleem, <em>Iraq\u2019s Political Marketplace at the Subnational Level: The Struggle for Power in Three Provinces<\/em>, Conflict Research Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/105184\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_86\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_86');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>86<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bamo Nouri, <em>Elite Theory and the 2003 Iraq Occupation by the United States<\/em>, Routledge, 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_87\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_87');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>87<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, <em>The Century Foundation<\/em>, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_88\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_88');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>88<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/writers\/zeinab-shuker\/\">Zeinab Shuker<\/a>, \u201cWater, Oil and Iraq\u2019s Climate Future\u201d, <em>Middle East Report Online<\/em>, 29 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_89\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_89');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>89<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jess Kelly, Owen Pinnell, and Esme Stallard, \u201cBP in oil field where \u2018cancer is rife\u2019\u201d, BBC News, 30 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/in-depth-63136485\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/in-depth-63136485<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_90\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_90');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>90<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Iraq News Agency, 3 November 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/ina.iq\/eng\/15198-a-supreme-committee-headed-by-al-kadhimi-to-reduce-environmental-pollution.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ina.iq\/eng\/15198-a-supreme-committee-headed-by-al-kadhimi-to-reduce-environmental-pollution.html<\/span> <\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_91\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_91');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>91<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 29 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/rnwE\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/rnwE<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_92\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_92');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>92<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joe Sandler Clarke, \u201cBig Oil\u2019s Dirty Secret in Iraq\u201d, <em>Greenpeace Unearthed<\/em>, 29 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.unearthed.greenpeace.org\/big-oil-iraq\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/projects.unearthed.greenpeace.org\/big-oil-iraq\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_93\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_93');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>93<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Basra Is Thirsty: Iraq\u2019s Failure to Manage the Water Crisis<\/em>, 22 July 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/07\/22\/basra-thirsty\/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/07\/22\/basra-thirsty\/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_94\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_94');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>94<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sara Manisera and Daniela Sala in Al Khora, \u201cIraq\u2019s oil boom blamed for worsening water crisis in drought-hit south,\u201d The Guardian, 3 June 2023.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2023\/jun\/03\/iraqs-oil-boom-blamed-for-worsening-water-crisis-in-drought-hit-south\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2023\/jun\/03\/iraqs-oil-boom-blamed-for-worsening-water-crisis-in-drought-hit-south<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_95\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_95');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>95<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637&#8230; \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0640 BSR365: \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645&#8230; \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/bsr365tv.com\/archives\/19745\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bsr365tv.com\/archives\/19745<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_96\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_96');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>96<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Baghdad Today News, 15 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/eA6n8e\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/eA6n8e<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_97\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_97');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>97<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649&#8230; &#8220;\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644&#8221; \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0646&#8221; \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0642&#8221;\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u060c 2023-09-09. <a href=\"https:\/\/shafaq.com\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%80%D9%85%D8%B9\/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/shafaq.com\/ar\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_98\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_98');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>98<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a 18 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 TV \u060c 07\/10\/2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurdistantv.net\/ar\/news\/204407\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/kurdistantv.net\/ar\/news\/204407<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_99\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_99');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>99<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2003-2020\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2023. \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iq.parliament.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-2003-2020.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/iq.parliament.iq\/\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2003-2020<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_100\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_100');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>100<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629&#8230; \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 9 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c 5 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/nnciraq.com\/230142\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nnciraq.com\/230142\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_101\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_101');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>101<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges: Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d [Webinar], Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_102\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_102');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>102<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BBC, \u201cUnder Poisoned Skies\u201d, 28 September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/iplayer\/episode\/p0d34rtt\/under-poisoned-skies\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/iplayer\/episode\/p0d34rtt\/under-poisoned-skies<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_103\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_103');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>103<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_104\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_104');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>104<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0646\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_105\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_105');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>105<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201c\u2018We want to have a positive impact\u2019: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_106\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_106');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>106<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hind Abdulraheem Akooly, <em>A Graveyard for Expertise: Post-Invasion Iraq and the Death of Techno-Politics,<\/em> thesis, American University of Beirut, July 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/bitstream\/handle\/10938\/21930\/The%20Death%20of%20Techno-politics_AkoolyH_2020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/bitstream\/handle\/10938\/21930\/The%20Death%20of%20Techno-politics_AkoolyH_2020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_107\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_107');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>107<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Labour Organization, \u201cFactsheet: The ILO in Iraq\u201d, 20 January 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/ilo-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/ilo-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_108\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_108');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>108<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Taif Alkhudary, \u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges:\u00a0 Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d , Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/event\/iraqs-enduring-challenges-environmental-damage-and-public-health-in-a-post-conflict-landscape\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_109\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_109');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>109<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Labour Organization, <em>Iraq Labor Force Survey 2021<\/em>, 5 July 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/iraq-labour-force-survey-2021\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/publications\/iraq-labour-force-survey-2021<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_110\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_110');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>110<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aref Mohammed, \u201cIraqis Protest at Oilfields to Call for Jobs and Basic Services\u201d, <em>Reuters<\/em>, 12 July 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_111\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_111');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>111<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Naomi Klein, <em>This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate<\/em>, Knopf, 2014.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_112\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_112');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>112<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zeinab Shuker, \u201cWater, Oil and Iraq\u2019s Climate Future\u201d, Middle East Report Online, 29 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2023\/03\/water-oil-and-iraqs-climate-future\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_113\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_113');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>113<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Azhar Al-Rubaie, Michael Mason, and Mehdi, Zainab, \u201cFailing Flows: Water Management in Southern Iraq\u201d, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series (52), Middle East Centre, LSE, London, UK, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/110973\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_114\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_114');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>114<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cCompeting Over the Tigris: The Politics of Water Governance in Iraq\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, November 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/auis.edu.krd\/iris\/frontpage-slider-publications\/competing-over-tigris-politics-water-governance-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_115\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_115');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>115<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.su\/feaXol8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/goo.su\/feaXol<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_116\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_116');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>116<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_117\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_117');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>117<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cIraq\u2019s Climate Change Agenda Must Prioritize Health\u2014for Humans, Animals, and Plants\u201d, The Century Foundation, 30 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/commentary\/iraqs-climate-change-agenda-must-prioritize-health-for-humans-animals-and-plants\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_118\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_118');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>118<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karam F. Robeil, Shivan Fazil, Mac Skelton, \u201cAddressing Challenges in Water &amp; Environmental Governance: The Role of Iraqi Youth in Fostering Accountability\u201d, Institute of Regional and International Studies, April 2024: 13. See also, \u201cIraq: Withdraw Problematic Draft Right to Information Act,\u201d Article 19, 23 July 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/resources\/iraq-withdraw-problematic-draft-right-to-information-act\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.article19.org\/resources\/iraq-withdraw-problematic-draft-right-to-information-act\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_119\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_119');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>119<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges:\u00a0 Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d [Webinar], Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024; Dobros\u0142awa Wiktor-Mach, Marcin Skupi\u0144ski, and Kaziwa Salih, \u201cWe want to have a positive impact\u201d: Fragile ecologies and the Iraqi Kurds\u2019 dutiful environmentalism\u201d, <em>Journal of Political Ecology<\/em> 30(1), 2023: 202, 211. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/jpe.5377<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_120\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_120');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>120<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See publications and proceedings of the Critical Studies of Iraq program. <a href=\"https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/critical-studies-iraq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/critical-studies-iraq<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_121\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_121');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>121<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_122\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_122');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>122<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 60 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 60 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0648140 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 28 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2017\/04\/the-popular-mobilization-forces-and-iraqs-future?lang=ar&amp;center=middle-east\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/research\/2017\/04\/the-popular-mobilization-forces-and-iraqs-future?lang=ar&amp;center=middle-east<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_123\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_123');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>123<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c 28 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_124\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_124');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>124<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_125\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_125');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>125<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 28 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_126\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_126');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>126<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, \u201cIraq: Environmentalists Face Retaliation\u201d, 23 February 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/02\/23\/iraq-environmentalists-face-retaliation<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_127\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_127');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>127<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 3 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_128\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_128');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>128<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Taif Alkhudary, \u201cIraq\u2019s Enduring Challenges:\u00a0 Environmental Damage and Public Health in a Post-Conflict Landscape\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 16 July 2024.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_129\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_129');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>129<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Medecins Sans Frontieres, &#8220;MSF halts key medical activities in Mosul due to administrative obstacles\u201d, 5 July 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msf.org\/iraq-msf-halts-key-medical-activities-mosul-due-administrative-obstacle\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.msf.org\/iraq-msf-halts-key-medical-activities-mosul-due-administrative-obstacle<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_130\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_130');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>130<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mac Skelton, \u201cThe Long Shadow of Iraq\u2019s Cancer epidemic and COVID-19\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em>, 2 December 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/12\/the-long-shadow-of-iraqs-cancer-epidemic-and-covid-19\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2020\/12\/the-long-shadow-of-iraqs-cancer-epidemic-and-covid-19\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_131\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_131');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>131<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Julia Choucair Vizoso, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Environmentalists and the Fight for Nature: Reflecting on Successes and Failures of Recent Mobilizations\u201d, Arab Reform Initiative, 4 January 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/lebanons-environmentalists-and-the-fight-for-nature-reflecting-on-successes-and-failures-of-recent-mobilizations\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/lebanons-environmentalists-and-the-fight-for-nature-reflecting-on-successes-and-failures-of-recent-mobilizations\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_132\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_132');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>132<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeffrey G. Karam and Rima Majed, <em>The Lebanon Uprising of 2019: Voices of the Revolution<\/em>, I.B. Tauris, 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_133\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_133');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>133<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thea Riofrancos, <em>Resource Radicals: From Petro-Nationalism to Post-Extractivism in Ecuador<\/em>, Duke University Press, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_134\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_134');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>134<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thea Riofrancos, \u201cWhat Comes After Extractivism\u201d, <em>Dissent<\/em>, Winter 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dissentmagazine.org\/article\/what-comes-after-extractivism\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dissentmagazine.org\/article\/what-comes-after-extractivism\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34561_1_135\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34561_1_135');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>135<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fengshi Wu and Ellie Martus, \u201cContested Environmentalism: The Politics of Waste in China and Russia,\u201d <em>Environmental Politics<\/em>, 30(4), 2021: 493-512. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09644016.2020.1816367\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09644016.2020.1816367<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_34561_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34561_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34561_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_34561_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34561_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34561_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34561_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34561_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34561_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_34561_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_34561_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34561_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_34561_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34561_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":34565,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[247,88,222],"class_list":["post-34561","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12","tag-247","tag-88","tag-222"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/34561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/34561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34645,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/34561\/revisions\/34645"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}