{"id":29879,"date":"2024-01-12T11:46:58","date_gmt":"2024-01-12T10:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=29879"},"modified":"2025-03-25T10:48:01","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T09:48:01","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u00a0.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Jana Belschner, \u201cThe adoption of youth quotas after the Arab uprisings,\u201d <em>Politics, Groups, and Identities<\/em>, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 35 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to Know About Sunday\u2019s Elections in Tunisia,<\/em> May 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org<\/span><\/a> Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to know About Sunday\u2019s Elections<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 37.16% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to know About Sunday\u2019s Elections<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2018\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/76303\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/76303<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_4', tipClass: 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Alessandra Bajec, \u201cHow Tunisia&#8217;s new electoral law sets back women&#8217;s political rights,\u201d The New Arab, 16 November 202gi2, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/tunisias-electoral-law-sets-back-womens-political-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/tunisias-electoral-law-sets-back-womens-political-rights<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_7', tipClass: 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available at Nawaat ,January 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2015\/01\/22\/a-quand-un-projet-de-loi-de-decentralisation-1e-partie\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2015\/01\/22\/a-quand-un-projet-de-loi-de-decentralisation-1e-partie\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marwa Shalaby, Chagai Weiss, Ellen Lust, Kristen Kao, Erik Vollmann, Sylvia I. Bergh, Ezra Karmel, Miriam Bohn, Intissar Kherigi, and Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu, \u201cThe Dynamics of Decentralization in the MENA : Processes, Outcomes, and Obstacles\u201d, <em>The Program on Governance and Local Development at Gothenburg<\/em>, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 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'#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 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\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 32.2%.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy, <em>What Will Change After Tunisia\u2019s Municipal Elections?<\/em>, June 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2018\/06\/19\/what-will-change-after-tunisias-municipal-elections\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2018\/06\/19\/what-will-change-after-tunisias-municipal-elections\/<\/span><\/a> (The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy, <em>What Will Change)<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 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Identities<\/em>, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640 &#8220;\u0643\u0633\u0628&#8221; \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628&#8221;\u060c 2018\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2018\/06\/11\/ar-pub-76529\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2018\/06\/11\/ar-pub-76529<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a\u060c 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Legal agenda, <em>Municipal Council Dissolution in Tunisia: Fears and Flaws<\/em>, June 2022, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/municipal-council-dissolution-in-tunisia-fears-and-flaws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/municipal-council-dissolution-in-tunisia-fears-and-flaws\/<\/span><\/a> Legal agenda, Municipal Council Dissolution<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 117 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023: \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2023\/03\/16\/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1-117-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2023\/03\/16\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29879_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Daniel Stockemer and Aksel Sundstr\u00f6m, <em>Youth without Representation The Absence of Young Adults in Parliaments, Cabinets, and Candidacies, <\/em>University of Michigan Press, 2022.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29879_1_32', tipClass: 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_29879_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_29879_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_29879_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_29879_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Jana Belschner, \u201cThe adoption of youth quotas after the Arab uprisings,\u201d <em>Politics, Groups, and Identities<\/em>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to Know About Sunday\u2019s Elections in Tunisia,<\/em> May 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iri.org\/news\/three-things-to-know-about-sundays-elections-in-tunisia\/?utm_source=www.democracyspeaks.org<\/span><\/a> Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to know About Sunday\u2019s Elections<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Braun, <em>Three Things to know About Sunday\u2019s Elections<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2018\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/76303\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/76303<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/05\/25181220\/2022-05-Arab-Reform-Initiative-Youth-political-participation-in-Tunisia-local-councils-AR-1.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/05\/25181220\/2022-05-Arab-Reform-Initiative-Youth-political-participation-in-Tunisia-local-councils-AR-1.pdf<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Alessandra Bajec, \u201cHow Tunisia&#8217;s new electoral law sets back women&#8217;s political rights,\u201d The New Arab, 16 November 202gi2, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/tunisias-electoral-law-sets-back-womens-political-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.newarab.com\/analysis\/tunisias-electoral-law-sets-back-womens-political-rights<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Janine A. Clark, Emanuela Dalmasso and Ellen Lust, \u201cNot the only game in towns: explaining changes in municipal councils in post-revolutionary Tunisia\u201d, <em>Democratization<\/em>, Vol.26, 2019. Janine A. Clark, Not the only game in towns<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Janine A. Clark, Not the only game in towns<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yassine Bellamine, <em>When is the decentralization bill?<\/em>, available at Nawaat ,January 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2015\/01\/22\/a-quand-un-projet-de-loi-de-decentralisation-1e-partie\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/portail\/2015\/01\/22\/a-quand-un-projet-de-loi-de-decentralisation-1e-partie\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marwa Shalaby, Chagai Weiss, Ellen Lust, Kristen Kao, Erik Vollmann, Sylvia I. Bergh, Ezra Karmel, Miriam Bohn, Intissar Kherigi, and Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu, \u201cThe Dynamics of Decentralization in the MENA : Processes, Outcomes, and Obstacles\u201d, <em>The Program on Governance and Local Development at Gothenburg<\/em>, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marwa Shalaby, The Dynamics of Decentralization<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy, <em>What Will Change After Tunisia\u2019s Municipal Elections?<\/em>, June 2018, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2018\/06\/19\/what-will-change-after-tunisias-municipal-elections\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2018\/06\/19\/what-will-change-after-tunisias-municipal-elections\/<\/span><\/a> (The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy, <em>What Will Change)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">(The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy, <em>What Will Change)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jana Belschner, \u201cThe adoption of youth quotas after the Arab uprisings,\u201d <em>Politics, Groups, and Identities<\/em>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kirstie Lynn Dobbs, \u201c Youth quotas and \u201cJurassic Park\u201d politicians: age as a heuristic for vote choice in Tunisia\u2019s new democracy,\u201d <em>Democratization<\/em>, 202<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Centre de l\u2019observation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, <em>L\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019abstention sous la Ve R\u00e9publique, Mars 2020, available at<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www-observationsociete-fr.translate.goog\/modes-de-vie\/vie-politique-et-associative\/participationvote\/?_x_tr_sl=fr&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=fr&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www-observationsociete-fr.translate.goog\/modes-de-vie\/vie-politique-et-associative\/participationvote\/?_x_tr_sl=fr&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=fr&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628&#8221;\u060c 2018\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2018\/06\/11\/ar-pub-76529\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2018\/06\/11\/ar-pub-76529<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.international-alert.org\/ar\/publications\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%91%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%86%d9%81-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%91-%d9%88%d8%a7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.international-alert.org\/ar\/publications\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Legal agenda, <em>Municipal Council Dissolution in Tunisia: Fears and Flaws<\/em>, June 2022, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/municipal-council-dissolution-in-tunisia-fears-and-flaws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/municipal-council-dissolution-in-tunisia-fears-and-flaws\/<\/span><\/a> Legal agenda, Municipal Council Dissolution<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nawaat, <em>Municipalit\u00e9s: Le Travail \u00c0 Plein Temps, Principal Motif Des D\u00e9missions Des Maires<\/em>, December 2019, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2019\/12\/18\/municipalites-le-travail-a-plein-temps-principal-motif-des-demissions-des-maires\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2019\/12\/18\/municipalites-le-travail-a-plein-temps-principal-motif-des-demissions-des-maires\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Meshkal, <em>Decentralization or Local Power\u00a0: In conversation with Chaima Bouhlel, <\/em>June 2023, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/meshkal.org\/decentralization-or-local-power-in-conversation-with-chaima-bouhlel\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/meshkal.org\/decentralization-or-local-power-in-conversation-with-chaima-bouhlel\/<\/span><\/a> ( Meshkal,<em> Decentralization or Local Power\u00a0)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 117 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023: \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2023\/03\/16\/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1-117-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nawaat.org\/2023\/03\/16\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">(\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062d\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29879_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29879_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29879_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Daniel Stockemer and Aksel Sundstr\u00f6m, <em>Youth without Representation The Absence of Young Adults in Parliaments, Cabinets, and Candidacies, <\/em>University of Michigan Press, 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_29879_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_29879_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_29879_1').text('\u2212'); } function 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