{"id":29802,"date":"2024-01-04T16:09:10","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T15:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=29802"},"modified":"2024-01-04T16:07:39","modified_gmt":"2024-01-04T15:07:39","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>&#8220;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b&#8221;. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hadi Khalaf, \u201cThe Fall of the Bisri Dam\u201d, <em>Medium<\/em>, 1 October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@hadikhalaf09\/the-fall-of-the-bisri-dam-f88a9b4499a5\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@hadikhalaf09\/the-fall-of-the-bisri-dam-f88a9b4499a5<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 244 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a&#8221; 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See also \u201cGrassroots Environmental Activism in Lebanon: David vs. Goliath?\u201d panel discussion, 5 June 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q5YDhDJ3yOY\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q5YDhDJ3yOY<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c 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Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634. &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0642.&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0640 &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0629.<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hannes Baumann, \u201cSocial Protest and the Political Economy of Sectarianism in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Global Discourse<\/em> 6(4), 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644) \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 &#8211; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Reinoud Leenders, <em>Spoils of Truce: Corruption and State-building in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, Cornell University Press, 2012.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 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\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reform Initiative for Transparent Economies, \u201cFindings and Recommendations Regarding EU Supported Solid Waste Management Facilities in Lebanon\u201d,\u00a0 <em>The RITE Independent Review<\/em> 2022, 5 May 2023: 3. <a href=\"https:\/\/rite.org.uk\/projects-and-publications-draft\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rite.org.uk\/projects-and-publications-draft\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 28 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\u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\u060c 2022.<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ba-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0642 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Human Rights Watch\u2019s Comments on the Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy<\/em>, 20 March 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/supporting_resources\/20190320_hrw_comments_iswms.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/supporting_resources\/20190320_hrw_comments_iswms.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u060c \u00a0 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 28 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2022.<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Sintia Issa, \u201cBeyond the Garbage Politics of Emergency: The Paradox of Infrastructural Failure in Beirut\u2019s Peripheries\u201d, <em>World Humanities Report<\/em>, CHCI, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/worldhumanitiesreport.org\/region\/arab-region\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/worldhumanitiesreport.org\/region\/arab-region\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jad Chaaban, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Waste Management Policies One Year after the 2015 Crisis\u201d, <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>, 6 September 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/33539\/Lebanon%60s-Waste-Management-Policies-One-Year-after-the-2015-Crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/33539\/Lebanon%60s-Waste-Management-Policies-One-Year-after-the-2015-Crisis<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221;\u060c 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/thederivative.org\/ar\/%d8%b6%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b1-%d8%af-%d9%85\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thederivative.org\/ar\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c &#8220;\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 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Lebanon\u2019s Waste and Water Problem\u201d, <em>Synaps<\/em>, 30 October 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/post\/lebanon-waste-garbage-pollution-crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/post\/lebanon-waste-garbage-pollution-crisis<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f 2023<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0646\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karim-Philipp Eid-Sabbagh, <em>A Political Economy of Water in Lebanon: Water Resource Management, Infrastructure Production, and the International Development Complex<\/em>, PhD diss., SOAS, University of London, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.soas.ac.uk\/20365\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.soas.ac.uk\/20365\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 3 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%b3%d8%af-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Neemat Badaoui Abou Cham, <em>Building Dams as a Policy Instrument within Lebanon\u2019s National Water Strategy: An Overview<\/em>, MA thesis, American University of Beirut, 2013.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_24', tipClass: 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Roland Riachi, \u201cWater Policies and Politics in Lebanon: Where Is Groundwater?\u201d International Water Management Institute, December 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ali Ahmad, Neil McCulloch, Muzna Al-Masri, and Marc Ayoub, \u201cFrom Dysfunctional to Functional Corruption: The Politics of Decentralized Electricity Provision in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Energy Research &amp; Social Science<\/em> 86, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102399\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102399<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629: \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 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href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2023\/03\/09\/cut-life-itself\/lebanons-failure-right-electricity#_ftn175\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2023\/03\/09\/cut-life-itself\/lebanons-failure-right-electricity#_ftn175<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 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href=\"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/353531589865018948\/Distributed-Power-Generation-for-Lebanon-Market-Assessment-and-Policy-Pathways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/353531589865018948\/Distributed-Power-Generation-for-Lebanon-Market-Assessment-and-Policy-Pathways<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a 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\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joanne Randa Nucho, <em>Everyday Sectarianism in Urban Lebanon: Infrastructures, Public Services, and Power<\/em>, Princeton University Press, 2017: 108-114.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 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Jamal Haidar, and Wassim Maktabi, \u201cPublic Resource Allocation in Lebanon: How Uncompetitive is CDR\u2019s Procurement Process?\u201d Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 23 July 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/2454\/public-resource-allocation-in-lebanon-how-uncompetitive-is-cdr%E2%80%99s-procurement-process\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/2454\/public-resource-allocation-in-lebanon-how-uncompetitive-is-cdr%E2%80%99s-procurement-process<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 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href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2012%2F02%2F16%2F194993\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2012%2F02%2F16%2F194993<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u062f. 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Public Source, \u201cThe \u2018Ecological Time Bombs\u2019 Unloaded at the Beirut Port Decades Ago\u201d, 4 August 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ecological-time-bombs-beirut-port\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ecological-time-bombs-beirut-port<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Larkin, \u201cPromising Forms: The Political Aesthetics of Infrastructure,\u201d in <em>The Promise of Infrastructure, <\/em>ed. Nikhil Anand, Akhil Gupta, and Hannah Appel, Duke University Press, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Akhil Gupta, \u201cInfrastructure as Decay and the Decay of Infrastructure\u201d, in <em>Decay, <\/em>ed. Ghassan Hage, Duke University Press, 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 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\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc154502217\"><\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Caroline Nagel and Lynn Staeheli, \u201cNature, Environmentalism, and the Politics of Citizenship in Post-Civil War Lebanon\u201d, <em>Cultural Geographies<\/em> 23(2), 2016: 252. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168724\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168724<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> 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Lebanese State, and the Left\u201d, <em>Journal of Shi<\/em>\u2018<em>a Islamic Studies<\/em> 8(2), Spring 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karim Makdisi, \u201cThe Rise and Decline of Environmentalism in Lebanon\u201d, in <em>Water on Sand: Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, ed. Alan Mikhail, Oxford University Press, 2012: 218-220.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 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href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/1985\/06\/roots-of-the-shii-movement\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/1985\/06\/roots-of-the-shii-movement\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0648 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">42<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a 2012:221-2.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b 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><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">43<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karam Karam, <em>Le Mouvement Civil au Liban: revendications, protestations et mobilizations<\/em> <em>associatives dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre<\/em>, Karthala Editions, 2006.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0644 2016: 247-8.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 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name=\"_Toc154502218\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 250 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 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Kingston, <em>Reproducing Sectarianism: Advocacy Networks and the Politics of Civil Society in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, State University of New York Press, 2013: 55.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy1698#:~:text=Green%20Without%20Borders%20is%20a,the%20guise%20of%20environmental%20activism\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 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\u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">52<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lyne Jabri, \u201cMobilizing Ordinary People for the Sake of the Environment: Challenges of Urban Activists within Clientelistic Conditions in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysag\u00e8re,<\/em> 17 April 2023<em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/craup\/12116\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/craup\/12116<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Angela Saade, Rana Hassan, Ounsi El Daif, and Heather Kayed, \u201cEnvironmental Justice in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Jibal<\/em>, December 2021: 42 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 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\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">55<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Saade et al. 2021: 43.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_55', tipClass: 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">56<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carole Kerbage, <em>Politics of Coincidence: The Harak Confronts Its \u201cPeoples\u201d, <\/em>Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/working_papers\/2016-2017\/20170213_wp_hirak_english.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/working_papers\/2016-2017\/20170213_wp_hirak_english.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_57');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_57');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">57<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ziad Abu -Rish, \u201cGarbage Politics\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 277, Winter 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2016\/03\/garbage-politics\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2016\/03\/garbage-politics\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">58<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cynthia Sami Kreichati, \u201cKnowledge and the Trash: The Predominance of the Expert Model in the 2015 Beirut Protests\u201d, M.A. thesis, American University of Beirut, January 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/handle\/10938\/20989\"><span 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200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_64');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_64');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">64<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_64\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, \u201cJournalist Lara Bitar Refuses Interrogation by Anti-Cybercrime Bureau\u201d, 6 April 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1333994\/journalist-lara-bitar-refuses-interrogation-by-anti-cybercrime-bureau.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1333994\/journalist-lara-bitar-refuses-interrogation-by-anti-cybercrime-bureau.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_64').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_64', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_65');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_65');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">65<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_65\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marc Ghazali, \u201cRoland Riachi: Lebanon Applies a 70-Year-Old Water Dam Policy\u201d, <em>The<\/em> <em>Legal Agenda<\/em>, 2 April 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/roland-riachi-lebanon-applies-a-70-year-old-water-dam-policy\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/roland-riachi-lebanon-applies-a-70-year-old-water-dam-policy\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a 2015 \u06482019\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_66');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_66');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">66<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_66\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Lebanon: Police Violence Against Protesters,<\/em> 22 August 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2015\/08\/22\/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2015\/08\/22\/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters;<\/span><\/a> <em>Lebanon: Excessive Force Against Protesters<\/em>, 20 December 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/12\/20\/lebanon-excessive-force-against-protesters;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/12\/20\/lebanon-excessive-force-against-protesters;<\/span><\/a> <em>Lebanon: Security Forces Use Excessive Force Against Protesters<\/em>, 19 October 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/10\/19\/lebanon-security-forces-use-excessive-force-against-protesters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/10\/19\/lebanon-security-forces-use-excessive-force-against-protesters<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_66').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_66', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_71\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Marie-Noelle AbiYaghi, Myriam Catusse, and Miriam Younes. \u201cFrom isqat an-nizam at-ta\u2019ifi to the Garbage Crisis Movement: Political identities and Antisectarian Movements\u201d, in <em>Lebanon Facing the Arab Uprisings: Constraints and Adaptation<\/em>, eds. 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tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_75');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_75');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_75\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">75<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_75\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Saade et al. 2021: 48. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_75').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_75', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_76');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_76');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_76\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">76<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_76\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Paul Cochrane and Karim Eid-Sabbagh, directors, <em>We Made Every Living Thing from Water<\/em>, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=reJEh0jM5-8&amp;feature=youtu.be\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=reJEh0jM5-8&amp;feature=youtu.be<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_76').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_76', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_77').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_77', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f 5% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 69%.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_78');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_78');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_78\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">78<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_78\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">United Nations Development Programme and the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs, <em>Mapping of Living Conditions in Lebanon between 1995 and 2004<\/em>, 2007; International Labour Organisation and the Lebanese Central Administration of Statistics, <em>Labour Force and Household Living Conditions Survey 2018\u20132019 Lebanon<\/em>, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_78').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_78', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_79');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_79');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_79\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">79<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_79\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cochrane and Eid-Sabbagh 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_79').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_79', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0640 48 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 80% \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_80');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_80');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_80\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">80<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_80\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amin Shaban, \u201cRivers of Lebanon: Significant Water Resources Under Threats\u201d, in <em>Hydrology<\/em>, eds. Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao, February 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/73655\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/73655<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_80').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_80', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_81');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_81');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_81\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">81<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_81\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aidan Farow, Kathryn A. Miller, and Lauri Myllyvirta, <em>Toxic Air: The Price of Fossil Fuels<\/em>, Greenpeace MENA, June 2020: 12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/appr\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/appr\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_81').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_81', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u00a0\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 23 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_82');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_82');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_82\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">82<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_82\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Greenpeace International, <em>New Satellite Data Analysis Reveals World\u2019s Biggest NO2 Emissions Hotspots<\/em>, 29 October 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/19072\/greenpeace-analysis-of-new-satellite-data-reveals-worlds-biggest-no2-emissions-hotspots\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/19072\/greenpeace-analysis-of-new-satellite-data-reveals-worlds-biggest-no2-emissions-hotspots\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_82').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_82', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_83');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_83');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_83\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">83<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_83\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Public Works Studio, \u201cReading the Quarries\u2019 Map in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>, 17 April 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/38569\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/38569<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_83').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_83', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 1200% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_84');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_84');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_84\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">84<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_84\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%8a%d9%85\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_84').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_84', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_85');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_85');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_85\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">85<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_85\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For an overview of current environmental conditions and future prognoses, see Simon Assaf, \u201cLebanon, Radical Hope, and the Natural Economy in the Age of Climate Breakdown\u201d, <em>The Public Source<\/em>, 30 June 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/climate-crisis-radical-hope\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/climate-crisis-radical-hope<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_85').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_85', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_86');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_86\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">86<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_86\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Langlois and Marwa Daoudy, \u201cWords, Water, and Waste: How Government Discourse Shapes Environmental Protest in Lebanon and Jordan\u201d, in <em>Environmental Politics in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, Project on Middle East Studies, May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/pomeps.org\/words-water-and-waste-how-government-discourse-shapes-environmental-protest-in-lebanon-and-jordan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pomeps.org\/words-water-and-waste-how-government-discourse-shapes-environmental-protest-in-lebanon-and-jordan<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_86').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_86', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_91');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_91');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_91\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">91<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_91\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nagel and Staeheli: 251.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_91').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_91', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 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role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_92');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_92');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_92\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">92<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_92\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mona Harb and Lara Deeb, \u201cCulture as History and Landscape: Hizballah\u2019s Efforts to Shape an Islamic Milieu in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Arab Studies Journal<\/em> 19(1), 2011: 10-41. See also Yasmine Khayyat, <em>War Remains: Ruination and Resistance in Lebanon<\/em>, Syracuse University Press, 2023: 145-62.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_92').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_92', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 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position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 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Khattab, Shoghig Mikaelian, <em>The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, Pluto Press, 2015: 53-5.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_101').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_101', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc154502228\"><\/a>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a 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\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u0641\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_106');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_106');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_106\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">106<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_106\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Roland Nassour, \u201cThe Struggle for the Bisri Valley,\u201d in <em>The Lebanon Uprising of 2019: Voices of the Revolution<\/em>, ed. Jeffrey G. Karam and Rima Majed, I.B. Tauris, 2023: 277-85.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_106').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_106', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u2026 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u2026 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_107');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_107');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_107\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">107<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_107\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 8 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/podcast\/details\/2306\/the-collapse-of-the-bisri-dam-deal-and-the-environmental-campaign-that-opposed-it-?lang=ar\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/podcast\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_107').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_107', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_108');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_108');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_108\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">108<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_108\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Abir Saksouk-Sasso, \u201cMaking Spaces for Communal Sovereignty: The Story of Beirut\u2019s Dalieh\u201d, <em>Arab Studies Journal <\/em>22(1), 2015: 296\u2013319. See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/31572\/Open-Letter-to-Mr-Rem-Koolhaas\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/31572\/Open-Letter-to-Mr-Rem-Koolhaas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_108').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_108', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062d\u0631\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">110<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_110\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mona Khneisser, \u201cThe Specter of \u2018Politics\u2019 and Ghosts of \u2018Alternatives\u2019 Past: Lebanese \u2018Civil Society\u2019 and the Antinomies of Contemporary Politics\u201d, <em>Critical Sociology<\/em> 46(3), 2020: 359\u2013377. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920519830756\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920519830756<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_110').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_110', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c\u060c 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_115\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Khasnabish and Max Haiven, <em>The Radical Imagination: Social Movement Research in the Age of Austerity<\/em>, Zed Books, 2014.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_115').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_115', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_123');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_29802_1('footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_123');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_123\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">123<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_123\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Musallam 2020 for a discussion of the \u201cpolitical circle\u201d in Beirut; see Khasnabish and Haiven for a discussion of such convenings in Canada and the United States.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_123').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_29802_1_123', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_29802_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_29802_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_29802_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_29802_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hadi Khalaf, \u201cThe Fall of the Bisri Dam\u201d, <em>Medium<\/em>, 1 October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@hadikhalaf09\/the-fall-of-the-bisri-dam-f88a9b4499a5\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@hadikhalaf09\/the-fall-of-the-bisri-dam-f88a9b4499a5<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Julia Woods, \u201cVictory in Lebanon: Bisri Valley Dam Canceled\u201d, <em>Global Greengrants Fund<\/em>, 14 September 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greengrants.org\/2020\/09\/14\/save-bisri\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.greengrants.org\/2020\/09\/14\/save-bisri\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Group discussion with environmental activists in Beirut, 2 June 2022. See also \u201cGrassroots Environmental Activism in Lebanon: David vs. Goliath?\u201d panel discussion, 5 June 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q5YDhDJ3yOY\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q5YDhDJ3yOY<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a 30 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c 2023<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fuad Musallam, \u201c\u2018Failure in the Air\u2019: Activist Narratives, In\u2010Group Story\u2010Telling, and Keeping Political Possibility Alive in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute <\/em>26(1), 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9655.13176\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9655.13176<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Noura Wahby, \u201cEgyptian Environmentalism and Urban Grassroots Mobilization\u201d, in <em>The Right to Nature: Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures<\/em>, ed. Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez, Routledge, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634. &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0642.&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publicworksstudio.com\/beyond-cement-2\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hannes Baumann, \u201cSocial Protest and the Political Economy of Sectarianism in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Global Discourse<\/em> 6(4), 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Reinoud Leenders, <em>Spoils of Truce: Corruption and State-building in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, Cornell University Press, 2012.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Reform Initiative for Transparent Economies, \u201cFindings and Recommendations Regarding EU Supported Solid Waste Management Facilities in Lebanon\u201d,\u00a0 <em>The RITE Independent Review<\/em> 2022, 5 May 2023: 3. <a href=\"https:\/\/rite.org.uk\/projects-and-publications-draft\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rite.org.uk\/projects-and-publications-draft\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 28 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 19 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\u060c 2022.<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ba-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Human Rights Watch\u2019s Comments on the Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy<\/em>, 20 March 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/supporting_resources\/20190320_hrw_comments_iswms.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/supporting_resources\/20190320_hrw_comments_iswms.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 28 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2022.<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/event\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Sintia Issa, \u201cBeyond the Garbage Politics of Emergency: The Paradox of Infrastructural Failure in Beirut\u2019s Peripheries\u201d, <em>World Humanities Report<\/em>, CHCI, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/worldhumanitiesreport.org\/region\/arab-region\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/worldhumanitiesreport.org\/region\/arab-region\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jad Chaaban, \u201cLebanon\u2019s Waste Management Policies One Year after the 2015 Crisis\u201d, <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>, 6 September 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/33539\/Lebanon%60s-Waste-Management-Policies-One-Year-after-the-2015-Crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/33539\/Lebanon%60s-Waste-Management-Policies-One-Year-after-the-2015-Crisis<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221;\u060c 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/thederivative.org\/ar\/%d8%b6%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b1-%d8%af-%d9%85\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thederivative.org\/ar\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ranine Awwad, \u201cDiaries of a Garbage Bag: Lebanon\u2019s Waste and Water Problem\u201d, <em>Synaps<\/em>, 30 October 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/post\/lebanon-waste-garbage-pollution-crisis\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/post\/lebanon-waste-garbage-pollution-crisis<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0645\u0623: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c 18 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c 2022. <u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.synaps.network\/post\/water-crisis-lebanon-ar<\/span><\/u><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f 2023<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karim-Philipp Eid-Sabbagh, <em>A Political Economy of Water in Lebanon: Water Resource Management, Infrastructure Production, and the International Development Complex<\/em>, PhD diss., SOAS, University of London, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.soas.ac.uk\/20365\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eprints.soas.ac.uk\/20365\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 3 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%b3%d8%af-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Roland Joseph Nassour, <em>Environmental Contestation, Planning, and Political Change: The Save Bisri Campaign in Lebanon<\/em>, MA thesis, American University of Beirut, 2020. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u060c &#8220;\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f: \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 18 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Neemat Badaoui Abou Cham, <em>Building Dams as a Policy Instrument within Lebanon\u2019s National Water Strategy: An Overview<\/em>, MA thesis, American University of Beirut, 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Roland Riachi, \u201cWater Policies and Politics in Lebanon: Where Is Groundwater?\u201d International Water Management Institute, December 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ali Ahmad, Neil McCulloch, Muzna Al-Masri, and Marc Ayoub, \u201cFrom Dysfunctional to Functional Corruption: The Politics of Decentralized Electricity Provision in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Energy Research &amp; Social Science<\/em> 86, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102399\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102399<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, <em>\u201cCut Off from Life Itself:\u201d Lebanon\u2019s Failure on the Right to Electricity<\/em>, 9 March 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2023\/03\/09\/cut-life-itself\/lebanons-failure-right-electricity#_ftn175\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2023\/03\/09\/cut-life-itself\/lebanons-failure-right-electricity#_ftn175<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ali Ahmad, <em>Distributed Power Generation for Lebanon: Market Assessment and Policy Pathways<\/em>, World Bank Group, 2020: 8. <a href=\"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/353531589865018948\/Distributed-Power-Generation-for-Lebanon-Market-Assessment-and-Policy-Pathways\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/353531589865018948\/Distributed-Power-Generation-for-Lebanon-Market-Assessment-and-Policy-Pathways<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joanne Randa Nucho, <em>Everyday Sectarianism in Urban Lebanon: Infrastructures, Public Services, and Power<\/em>, Princeton University Press, 2017: 108-114.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sami Atallah, Ishac Diwan, Jamal Haidar, and Wassim Maktabi, \u201cPublic Resource Allocation in Lebanon: How Uncompetitive is CDR\u2019s Procurement Process?\u201d Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 23 July 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/2454\/public-resource-allocation-in-lebanon-how-uncompetitive-is-cdr%E2%80%99s-procurement-process\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/2454\/public-resource-allocation-in-lebanon-how-uncompetitive-is-cdr%E2%80%99s-procurement-process<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Van Meguerditchian, \u201cBeirut River Mysteriously Runs Blood Red\u201d, <em>The Daily Star<\/em>, 16 February 2012. <a href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2012%2F02%2F16%2F194993\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2012%2F02%2F16%2F194993<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Public Source, \u201cThe \u2018Ecological Time Bombs\u2019 Unloaded at the Beirut Port Decades Ago\u201d, 4 August 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ecological-time-bombs-beirut-port\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ecological-time-bombs-beirut-port<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Larkin, \u201cPromising Forms: The Political Aesthetics of Infrastructure,\u201d in <em>The Promise of Infrastructure, <\/em>ed. Nikhil Anand, Akhil Gupta, and Hannah Appel, Duke University Press, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Akhil Gupta, \u201cInfrastructure as Decay and the Decay of Infrastructure\u201d, in <em>Decay, <\/em>ed. Ghassan Hage, Duke University Press, 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rob Nixon, <em>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 2011.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Caroline Nagel and Lynn Staeheli, \u201cNature, Environmentalism, and the Politics of Citizenship in Post-Civil War Lebanon\u201d, <em>Cultural Geographies<\/em> 23(2), 2016: 252. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168724\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26168724<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rula Jurdi Abisaab, \u201cSayyid Musa al-Sadr, the Lebanese State, and the Left\u201d, <em>Journal of Shi<\/em>\u2018<em>a Islamic Studies<\/em> 8(2), Spring 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karim Makdisi, \u201cThe Rise and Decline of Environmentalism in Lebanon\u201d, in <em>Water on Sand: Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, ed. Alan Mikhail, Oxford University Press, 2012: 218-220.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salim Nasr, \u201cRoots of the Shi\u2018i Movement\u201d, MERIP 133, June1985. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/1985\/06\/roots-of-the-shii-movement\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/1985\/06\/roots-of-the-shii-movement\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a 2012:224.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a 2012:221-2.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karam Karam, <em>Le Mouvement Civil au Liban: revendications, protestations et mobilizations<\/em> <em>associatives dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre<\/em>, Karthala Editions, 2006.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0644 2016: 247-8.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Paul W.T. Kingston, <em>Reproducing Sectarianism: Advocacy Networks and the Politics of Civil Society in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, State University of New York Press, 2013: 55.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0644: 231.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 (2020)\u060c 29 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undp.org\/ar\/lebanon\/publications\/waq-albyyt-fy-lbnan-waltwqwat-almstqblyt-thwyl-alazmat-aly-frs-2020\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.undp.org\/ar\/lebanon\/publications\/waq-albyyt-fy-lbnan-waltwqwat-almstqblyt-thwyl-alazmat-aly-frs-2020<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 280.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. Department of the Treasury, \u201cTreasury Sanctions Lebanese Entity and Leade for Providing Support to Hizaballah\u201d, 16 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy1698#:~:text=Green%20Without%20Borders%20is%20a,the%20guise%20of%20environmental%20activism\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 16 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2022: \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stopthehighway.wordpress.com\/the-coalition\/about\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/stopthehighway.wordpress.com\/the-coalition\/about\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lyne Jabri, \u201cMobilizing Ordinary People for the Sake of the Environment: Challenges of Urban Activists within Clientelistic Conditions in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysag\u00e8re,<\/em> 17 April 2023<em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/craup\/12116\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/craup\/12116<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Paul Kingston, \u201cPatrons, Clients and Civil Society: A Case Study of Environmental Politics in Postwar Lebanon\u201d, <em>Arab Studies Quarterly <\/em>23(1), Winter 2001: 60-1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Angela Saade, Rana Hassan, Ounsi El Daif, and Heather Kayed, \u201cEnvironmental Justice in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Jibal<\/em>, December 2021: 42 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Saade et al. 2021: 43.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carole Kerbage, <em>Politics of Coincidence: The Harak Confronts Its \u201cPeoples\u201d, <\/em>Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/working_papers\/2016-2017\/20170213_wp_hirak_english.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aub.edu.lb\/ifi\/Documents\/publications\/working_papers\/2016-2017\/20170213_wp_hirak_english.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ziad Abu -Rish, \u201cGarbage Politics\u201d, <em>MERIP<\/em> 277, Winter 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/merip.org\/2016\/03\/garbage-politics\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/merip.org\/2016\/03\/garbage-politics\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cynthia Sami Kreichati, \u201cKnowledge and the Trash: The Predominance of the Expert Model in the 2015 Beirut Protests\u201d, M.A. thesis, American University of Beirut, January 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/handle\/10938\/20989\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/scholarworks.aub.edu.lb\/handle\/10938\/20989<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kerbage 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ayoub and Maroun 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_61');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mona Khneisser, \u201cThe Marketing of Protest and Antinomies of Collective Organization in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Critical Sociology <\/em>45 ( 7-8), 2019: 1111-1132. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920518792069\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920518792069<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_62');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 168-9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_63');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Public Source, 4 August 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_64');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>L\u2019Orient Today<\/em>, \u201cJournalist Lara Bitar Refuses Interrogation by Anti-Cybercrime Bureau\u201d, 6 April 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1333994\/journalist-lara-bitar-refuses-interrogation-by-anti-cybercrime-bureau.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/today.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1333994\/journalist-lara-bitar-refuses-interrogation-by-anti-cybercrime-bureau.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_65');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>65<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marc Ghazali, \u201cRoland Riachi: Lebanon Applies a 70-Year-Old Water Dam Policy\u201d, <em>The<\/em> <em>Legal Agenda<\/em>, 2 April 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/roland-riachi-lebanon-applies-a-70-year-old-water-dam-policy\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/roland-riachi-lebanon-applies-a-70-year-old-water-dam-policy\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_66');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>66<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Human Rights Watch, <em>Lebanon: Police Violence Against Protesters,<\/em> 22 August 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2015\/08\/22\/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2015\/08\/22\/lebanon-police-violence-against-protesters;<\/span><\/a> <em>Lebanon: Excessive Force Against Protesters<\/em>, 20 December 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/12\/20\/lebanon-excessive-force-against-protesters;\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/12\/20\/lebanon-excessive-force-against-protesters;<\/span><\/a> <em>Lebanon: Security Forces Use Excessive Force Against Protesters<\/em>, 19 October 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/10\/19\/lebanon-security-forces-use-excessive-force-against-protesters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/10\/19\/lebanon-security-forces-use-excessive-force-against-protesters<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_67');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>67<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_68\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_68');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>68<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 280.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_69\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_69');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>69<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 162.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_70\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_70');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>70<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a 2001.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_71\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_71');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>71<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Marie-Noelle AbiYaghi, Myriam Catusse, and Miriam Younes. \u201cFrom isqat an-nizam at-ta\u2019ifi to the Garbage Crisis Movement: Political identities and Antisectarian Movements\u201d, in <em>Lebanon Facing the Arab Uprisings: Constraints and Adaptation<\/em>, eds. Rosita Di Peri and Daniel Meier, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017: 73-91.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_72\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_72');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>72<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AbiYaghi et al. 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_73\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_73');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>73<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lama Karame, \u201cLaw in Times of Revolution: A Double-Edged Sword of Repression and Resistance\u201d, in <em>The Lebanon Uprising of 2019: Voices of the Revolution<\/em>, ed. Jeffrey G. Karam and Rima Majed, I.B. Tauris, 2023: 52-64.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_74\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_74');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>74<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lamia Moghnieh and Moe Ali Nayel. \u201cThe Protests in Lebanon Three Months After.\u201d <em>New Politics<\/em>, 7 November 2015. <a href=\"http:\/\/newpol.org\/content\/protests-lebanon-three-months-after\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/newpol.org\/content\/protests-lebanon-three-months-after<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_75\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_75');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>75<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Saade et al. 2021: 48. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jibal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Jibal-Research-design-eng-digital-DD20211123.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_76\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_76');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>76<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Paul Cochrane and Karim Eid-Sabbagh, directors, <em>We Made Every Living Thing from Water<\/em>, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=reJEh0jM5-8&amp;feature=youtu.be\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=reJEh0jM5-8&amp;feature=youtu.be<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_77\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_77');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>77<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karim Eid-Sabbagh and Alex Ray, \u201cBreaking Point: The Collapse of Lebanon\u2019s Water Sector\u201d, <em>Triangle Policy Paper, <\/em>June 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_78\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_78');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>78<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United Nations Development Programme and the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs, <em>Mapping of Living Conditions in Lebanon between 1995 and 2004<\/em>, 2007; International Labour Organisation and the Lebanese Central Administration of Statistics, <em>Labour Force and Household Living Conditions Survey 2018\u20132019 Lebanon<\/em>, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_79\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_79');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>79<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cochrane and Eid-Sabbagh 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_80\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_80');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>80<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amin Shaban, \u201cRivers of Lebanon: Significant Water Resources Under Threats\u201d, in <em>Hydrology<\/em>, eds. Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao, February 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/73655\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/73655<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_81\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_81');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>81<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aidan Farow, Kathryn A. Miller, and Lauri Myllyvirta, <em>Toxic Air: The Price of Fossil Fuels<\/em>, Greenpeace MENA, June 2020: 12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/appr\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/appr\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_82\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_82');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>82<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Greenpeace International, <em>New Satellite Data Analysis Reveals World\u2019s Biggest NO2 Emissions Hotspots<\/em>, 29 October 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/19072\/greenpeace-analysis-of-new-satellite-data-reveals-worlds-biggest-no2-emissions-hotspots\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/19072\/greenpeace-analysis-of-new-satellite-data-reveals-worlds-biggest-no2-emissions-hotspots\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_83\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_83');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>83<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Public Works Studio, \u201cReading the Quarries\u2019 Map in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>, 17 April 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/38569\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/38569<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_84\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_84');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>84<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%8a%d9%85\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_85\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_85');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>85<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For an overview of current environmental conditions and future prognoses, see Simon Assaf, \u201cLebanon, Radical Hope, and the Natural Economy in the Age of Climate Breakdown\u201d, <em>The Public Source<\/em>, 30 June 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/climate-crisis-radical-hope\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/climate-crisis-radical-hope<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_86\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_86');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>86<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Langlois and Marwa Daoudy, \u201cWords, Water, and Waste: How Government Discourse Shapes Environmental Protest in Lebanon and Jordan\u201d, in <em>Environmental Politics in the Middle East and North Africa<\/em>, Project on Middle East Studies, May 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/pomeps.org\/words-water-and-waste-how-government-discourse-shapes-environmental-protest-in-lebanon-and-jordan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pomeps.org\/words-water-and-waste-how-government-discourse-shapes-environmental-protest-in-lebanon-and-jordan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_87\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_87');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>87<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karam and Majed 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_88\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_88');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>88<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c 14 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_89\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_89');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>89<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Langlois and Daoudy 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_90\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_90');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>90<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a 2012: 215.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_91\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_91');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>91<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nagel and Staeheli: 251.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_92\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_92');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>92<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mona Harb and Lara Deeb, \u201cCulture as History and Landscape: Hizballah\u2019s Efforts to Shape an Islamic Milieu in Lebanon\u201d, <em>Arab Studies Journal<\/em> 19(1), 2011: 10-41. See also Yasmine Khayyat, <em>War Remains: Ruination and Resistance in Lebanon<\/em>, Syracuse University Press, 2023: 145-62.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_93\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_93');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>93<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 180.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_94\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_94');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>94<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0634\u064a 2023: 72.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_95\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_95');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>95<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zeina Abla, \u201cA Wasted Waste Law,\u201d <em>The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, <\/em>1 November 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/1858\/a-wasted-waste-law\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/articles\/details\/1858\/a-wasted-waste-law<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_96\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_96');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>96<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karim Makdisi, <em>Trapped Between Sovereignty and Globalization: Implementing International Environmental and Natural Resource Treaties in Developing Countries\u2014The Case of Lebanon<\/em>, PhD dissertation, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, April 2001: 66.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_97\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_97');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>97<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 163.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_98\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_98');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>98<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 2013: 151.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_99\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_99');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>99<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0631\u0642\u2026 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 20 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal-agenda.com\/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A5%D9%8A\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/legal-agenda.com<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_100\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_100');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>100<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Public Source, \u201cMerchants of Death\u201d, 11 October 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/toxic-barrels-beirut-port-lebanon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/toxic-barrels-beirut-port-lebanon<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_101\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_101');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>101<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bassel F. Salloukh, Rabie Barakat, Jinan S. Al-Habbal, Lara W. Khattab, Shoghig Mikaelian, <em>The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon<\/em>, Pluto Press, 2015: 53-5.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_102\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_102');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>102<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u0631\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f\u064a 2022: 10-11.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_103\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_103');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>103<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 2020: 74-78.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_104\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_104');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>104<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. 2021: 52.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_105\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_105');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>105<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_106\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_106');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>106<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Roland Nassour, \u201cThe Struggle for the Bisri Valley,\u201d in <em>The Lebanon Uprising of 2019: Voices of the Revolution<\/em>, ed. Jeffrey G. Karam and Rima Majed, I.B. Tauris, 2023: 277-85.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_107\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_107');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>107<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 8 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/podcast\/details\/2306\/the-collapse-of-the-bisri-dam-deal-and-the-environmental-campaign-that-opposed-it-?lang=ar\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/podcast\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_108\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_108');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>108<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abir Saksouk-Sasso, \u201cMaking Spaces for Communal Sovereignty: The Story of Beirut\u2019s Dalieh\u201d, <em>Arab Studies Journal <\/em>22(1), 2015: 296\u2013319. See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/31572\/Open-Letter-to-Mr-Rem-Koolhaas\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/31572\/Open-Letter-to-Mr-Rem-Koolhaas<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_109\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_109');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>109<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062e\u0646\u064a\u0635\u0631 (2019)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c (2017)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644 (2015).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_110\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_110');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>110<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mona Khneisser, \u201cThe Specter of \u2018Politics\u2019 and Ghosts of \u2018Alternatives\u2019 Past: Lebanese \u2018Civil Society\u2019 and the Antinomies of Contemporary Politics\u201d, <em>Critical Sociology<\/em> 46(3), 2020: 359\u2013377. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920519830756\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920519830756<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_111\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_111');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>111<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_112\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_112');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>112<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sophie Chamas, \u201cResearching Activism in \u2018Dead Time\u2019: Counter-politics and the Temporality of Failure in Lebanon\u201d, <em>World Humanities Report<\/em>, CHCI, 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_113\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_113');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>113<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0644 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_114\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_114');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>114<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 2022: 9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_115\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_115');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>115<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Khasnabish and Max Haiven, <em>The Radical Imagination: Social Movement Research in the Age of Austerity<\/em>, Zed Books, 2014.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_116\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_116');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>116<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a 31 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_117\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_117');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>117<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sophie Chamas, \u201cActivism as a Way of Life: The Social World of Social Movements in Middle-Class Beirut\u201d, <em>Partecipazione e conflitto<\/em>\u00a0 14 (2), 2021: 538.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_118\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_118');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>118<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_119\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_119');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>119<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633 2021: 544.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_120\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_120');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>120<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 7 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ar\/infrastructure-neoliberal-development\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/thepublicsource.org\/ar\/infrastructure-neoliberal-development<\/span><\/a> \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/lebanese-uprising-infrastructure-and-the-trap-of-neoliberal-development\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/lebanese-uprising-infrastructure-and-the-trap-of-neoliberal-development\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_121\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_121');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>121<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c 25 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_122\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_122');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>122<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_29802_1_123\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_29802_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_29802_1_123');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>123<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Musallam 2020 for a discussion of the \u201cpolitical circle\u201d in Beirut; see Khasnabish and Haiven for a discussion of such convenings in Canada and the United States.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> 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