{"id":27298,"date":"2023-07-19T15:30:49","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T13:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=27298"},"modified":"2023-08-04T13:04:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T11:04:26","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%85%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%aa-%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%85%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%aa-%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631: \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Feffer, \u201cThe \u2018Great Replacement\u2019 Is a Genocidal Playbook\u201d, The Nation, 22 October 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0628\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Maha Abdelhamid, Amel Elfagi, Moutaa Amin Elwaer, <em>\u00catre noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur: Rapports d\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les repr\u00e9sentations du racisme chez les noirs de Tunisie<\/em>, Nirvana: 2017 (Maha Abdelhamid et al<em>., \u00catre noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur de peau<\/em>). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fatima-Ezzahra Bendami, \u201cBlack Tunisians breaking taboos\u201d, 2012, Africa is a Country website: <a href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u062a 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\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_27298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><u>\u00a0King, Stephen, J. 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href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 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href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AESAT.Officielle\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AESAT.Officielle\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_27298_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 50-2018.<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Abdelhamid, Maha, Elwaer, Moutaa Amine &amp; Elfagi, Amel. <em>\u00catre Noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur: Rapports d\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les repr\u00e9sentations du racisme chez les noirs de Tunisie,<\/em> Nirvana\u00a0: Tunis, 2017 <u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Etre-noir-nest-question-couleur\/dp\/9938940218\">https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Etre-noir-nest-question-couleur\/dp\/9938940218<\/a><\/u><\/li>\n<li>Allal, Amin and Marine, Vannetzel. \u201cDisillusioned Tomorrows? \u2018Authoritarian Restorations\u2019\u201d, Call for Proposals\u201d <em>Politique Africaine<\/em>, 8 July 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/polaf.hypotheses.org\/1586\">https:\/\/polaf.hypotheses.org\/1586<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ben Hamad, Fatma. \u201cBlack Tunisian Women Speak Out Amid Wave of Anti-Migrant Actions\u201d, France 24 English, 2 March 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/observers.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20230302-tunisia-anti-migrant-action-black-women-activists-hashtag\">https:\/\/observers.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20230302-tunisia-anti-migrant-action-black-women-activists-hashtag<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bendami, Fatima-Ezzahra. \u201cBlack Tunisians breaking taboos\u201d, Africa Is a Country website, 24 March 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos\">https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Feffer, John. \u201cThe \u2018Great Replacement\u2019 Is a Genocidal Playbook\u201d, <em>The Nation<\/em>, 22 October 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hochuli, Alex. \u201cFrom Anti-Politics to Authoritarian Restoration in Brazil\u201d, <em>Jacobin<\/em> Magazine, 18 December 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2020\/12\/anti-politics-authoritarian-restoration-brazil-jair-bolsonaro\">https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2020\/12\/anti-politics-authoritarian-restoration-brazil-jair-bolsonaro<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mzioudet, Houda. \u201cBreaking the Racial Taboo: Black Tunisian Activism as Transitional Justice\u201d, in Robins, Simon and Gready, Paul, (eds.), <em>Transitional Justice in Tunisia: Innovations, Continuities, Challenges<\/em>, Routledge: 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Transitional-Justice-in-Tunisia-Innovations-Continuities-Challenges\/Robins-Gready\/p\/book\/9781032007007\">https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Transitional-Justice-in-Tunisia-Innovations-Continuities-Challenges\/Robins-Gready\/p\/book\/9781032007007<\/a><\/li>\n<li>King, Stephen, J. \u201cDemocracy and Progress towards Racial Equality in Tunisia:\u00a0Interview with Zied Rouine\u201d, <em>Arab Reform Initiative<\/em>,\u00a0 March 26, 2021; in <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/democracy-and-progress-towards-racial-equality-in-tunisia-interview-with-zied-rouine\/\">https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/publication\/democracy-and-progress-towards-racial-equality-in-tunisia-interview-with-zied-rouine\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ltifi, Afifa. \u201cBlacks Tunisians and the Pitfalls of Bourguiba\u2019s Homogenization Project\u201d, in Africa and the Middle East: Beyond the Divides, POMEPS Studies 40, June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/pomeps.org\/pomeps-studies-40-africa-and-the-middle-east-beyond-the-divides\">https:\/\/pomeps.org\/pomeps-studies-40-africa-and-the-middle-east-beyond-the-divides<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mosbah, Affet. \u201c<em>\u00catre Noir en Tunisie\u201d<\/em>, <em>Jeune Afrique, 12 <\/em>July 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mrad-Dali, Ines. \u201cLes mobilisations des noirs tunisiens au lendemain de la r\u00e9volte de 2011: Entre affirmation d\u2019une identit\u00e9 historique et d\u00e9fense d\u2019une cause noire<em>\u201d<\/em>. <em>Politique Africaine<\/em>, 140\u00a0: 2015, pp. 61-81, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Scaglioni, Marta. <em>Becoming the Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia<\/em>, Milan, Ledizioni Ledi Publishing: 2020.<\/li>\n<li>Wiebke, \u201cThe Rise and Strength of Authoritarian Restoration: Constructing a Comparative Logic for Research\u201d, In Olivier Giraud, Michel Lallement (eds.), <em>Decentring Comparative Analysis in a Globalizing World<\/em>. International Comparative Social Studies, Volume: 53, Brill Publishers: 2021; pp. 264-309 <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/book\/9789004466609\/BP000022.pdf\">https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/book\/9789004466609\/BP000022.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_27298_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_27298_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_27298_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_27298_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Feffer, \u201cThe \u2018Great Replacement\u2019 Is a Genocidal Playbook\u201d, The Nation, 22 October 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/white-supremacist-great-replacement\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 2013\u060c \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a&#8221; \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Afifa Ltifi, \u201cBlacks Tunisians and the Pitfalls of Bourguiba\u2019s Homogenization Project\u201d, in Africa and the Middle East: Beyond the Divides, POMEPS Studies 40, June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/pomeps.org\/pomeps-studies-40-africa-and-the-middle-east-beyond-the-divides\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pomeps.org\/pomeps-studies-40-africa-and-the-middle-east-beyond-the-divides<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Affet Mosbah, \u201c\u00catre Noir en Tunisie\u201d, <em>Jeune Afrique<\/em>, 12 July 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0631: Houda Mzioudet, \u201cBreaking The Racial Taboo: Black Tunisian Activism as Transitional Justice\u201d , in Simon Robins and Paul Gready (eds.) <em>Transitional Justice in Tunisia: Innovations, Continuities, Challenges<\/em>, Routledge: 2022.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Maha Abdelhamid, Amel Elfagi, Moutaa Amin Elwaer, <em>\u00catre noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur: Rapports d\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les repr\u00e9sentations du racisme chez les noirs de Tunisie<\/em>, Nirvana: 2017 (Maha Abdelhamid et al<em>., \u00catre noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur de peau<\/em>). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633&#8221;. (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2017\u061b \u0635: 56-57).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Maha Abdelhamid et al., <em>\u00catre noir ce n\u2019est pas une question de couleur de peau<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid: Lives and Social Origins in Southern Tunisia<\/em>, Milan: Ledizioni Ledi Publishing, 2020, p. 18. (Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2018 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Affet Mosbah, \u201c\u00catre noir en Tunisie\u201d, <em>Jeune Afrique<\/em>, 12 July 2004, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/112359\/archives-thematique\/etre-noire-en-tunisie\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fatima-Ezzahra Bendami, \u201cBlack Tunisians breaking taboos\u201d, 2012, Africa is a Country website: <a href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2021\/03\/black-tunisians-breaking-taboos<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><u>\u00a0King, Stephen, J. (2021) Democracy and progress towards racial equality in Tunisia: interview with Zied Rouine<\/u>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid<\/em>, p. 17.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid, <\/em>p. 192.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid, <\/em>p. 192.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid, <\/em>p. 195.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marta Scaglioni, <em>Becoming the Abid, <\/em>p. 197.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636&#8221; \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629). \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627 (\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 2015\u201cLes mobilisations des noirs tunisiens au lendemain de la r\u00e9volte de 2011: Entre affirmation d\u2019une identit\u00e9 historique et d\u00e9fense d\u2019une cause noire\u201d, <em>Politique Africaine<\/em>, 2015\/4 (no. 140), pp. 61-81, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-africaine-2015-4-page-61.htm<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2020 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0652 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 &#8220;\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 24 &#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/RLFLibreFrancophone\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/RLFLibreFrancophone\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_27298_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_27298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_27298_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AESAT.Officielle\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AESAT.Officielle\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_27298_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_27298_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_27298_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_27298_1() { 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