{"id":23226,"date":"2022-07-14T11:06:53","date_gmt":"2022-07-14T09:06:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=23226"},"modified":"2022-07-13T15:02:11","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T13:02:11","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rafael H. M. Pereira, Tim Schwanen, and David Banister, \u201cDistributive Justice and Equity in Transportation,\u201d <em>Transport Reviews<\/em> 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): 170\u201391, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441647.2016.1257660\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441647.2016.1257660<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d 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\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ersilia Verlinghieri and Tim Schwanen, \u201cTransport and Mobility Justice: Evolving Discussions,\u201d <em>Journal of Transport Geography<\/em> 87 (July 2020): 102798, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061f 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role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amina Magouri et al., \u201cD\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres r\u00e9gionaux et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales en Tunisie: Axes et actions prioritaires\u201d (Tunis: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2018), 35, <a href=\"https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/tunesien\/14418.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/tunesien\/14418.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647 45% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amor Belhedi, \u201cLe syst\u00e8me urbain tunisien. Analyse hi\u00e9rarchique d\u00e9mo-fonctionnelle sur la base de la loi Rang-taille,\u201d <em>Cybergeo<\/em>, February 9, 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/cybergeo.3877\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/cybergeo.3877<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Magouri et al., \u201cD\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres r\u00e9gionaux et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales en Tunisie: Axes et actions prioritaires,\u201d 35.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dorra Dhraief et al., \u201cCarte de La Pauvret\u00e9 En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Institut National des Statistiques Tunisie, September 2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 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\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p><strong><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23205\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1-720x506.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1-720x506.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1-1440x1012.png 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1-768x539.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1-1536x1079.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_1.png 1825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Author\u2019s calculations based on the data from \u201cStructure Des D\u00e9penses Des M\u00e9nages Selon Les Fonctions de Consommation,\u201d Institut National de la Statistique, March 24, 2021, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/statistiques\/104.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 360 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 9.3% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 7.7% (\u0623\u064a\u0651 55 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b) (\u0634\u0643\u0644 1). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 68% \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 28% \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 (\u0634\u0643\u0644 2) \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Younes Boujelbene and Ahmed Derbel, \u201cThe Performance Analysis of Public Transport Operators in Tunisia Using AHP Method,\u201d <em>Procedia Computer Science<\/em> 73 (2015): 498\u2013508, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2010 \u06482016\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a 0.52% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u064a\u0651 492.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 1.07% (1021.6 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0634\u0643\u0644 3). \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;voiture populaire&#8221; \u0623\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23208\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2-720x509.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2-720x509.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2-1440x1018.png 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181210\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_2.png 1778w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Katharina Kilian-Yasin et al., \u201cSocial Acceptance of Alternative Mobility Systems in Tunis,\u201d Transportation Research Procedia 19 (2016): 135\u201346, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.074\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.074<\/span><\/a>.; \u201cR\u00e9publique Tunisienne. Livre Blanc Relatif Au Secteur Des Transports et de La Logistique\u201d (The World Bank, May 18, 2016).<\/em><em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23254\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181207\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_3-1-720x405.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181207\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_3-1-720x405.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181207\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_3-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181207\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_3-1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Author\u2019s calculations based on public spending data from Imen Nouira, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Dans Le Grand Tunis\u202f: Les Solutions Au Calvaire,\u201d Business News, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis--les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis&#8211;les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3<\/span><\/a>. And total public spending data from The World Bank. 2018. &#8220;General government\u00a0 final consumption expenditure (current LCU) &#8211; Tunisia&#8221; URL: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NE.CON.GOVT.CN?locations=TN&amp;name_desc=true<\/span><\/em><em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2015 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 63% \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Imen Nouira, \u201cLe prix d\u2019un v\u00e9hicule a augment\u00e9 de 63% en 12 ans,\u201d <em>Business News<\/em>, October 11, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-le-prix-dun-vehicule-a-augmente-de-63-en-12-ans,520,59506,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-le-prix-dun-vehicule-a-augmente-de-63-en-12-ans,520,59506,3<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40%. \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cLes concessionnaires automobiles plaident pour la lib\u00e9ralisation du secteur,\u201d TN 24, June 21, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tn24.tn\/ar\/article\/tunisie-les-concessionnaires-automobiles-plaident-pour-la-liberalisation-du-secteur-151308\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tn24.tn\/ar\/article\/tunisie-les-concessionnaires-automobiles-plaident-pour-la-liberalisation-du-secteur-151308<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a 2019 (\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 46.6% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lilia Kamoun Turki, Hamza Ben Taarit, and Imen Yahia, \u201cRevue de Recherches\u201d (Tunis: Tunisie Valeurs &#8211; D\u00e9partement \u00c9tudes et Recherches, November 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tunisievaleurs.com\/documents\/tval-revue-etudes-et-recherches-nov-2020.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tunisievaleurs.com\/documents\/tval-revue-etudes-et-recherches-nov-2020.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0650\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohamed Afif Jaidi and Sharaf al-Din al-Yacoubi, \u201cVested Interests and Economic Rent: Tunisia\u2019s Car Market,\u201d Legal Agenda, April 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/vested-interests-and-economic-rent-tunisias-car-market\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/vested-interests-and-economic-rent-tunisias-car-market\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 12% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C\u00e9lia Corneil, \u201cRoulons Vers l\u2019\u00e9comobilit\u00e9\u202f!\u201d (Chabaka &#8211; R\u00e9seau tunisien des acteur.rice.s de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sociale et solidaire, February 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u064832% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cGuide Pour Un Transport Durable En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Observatoire Tunisien de l\u2019Environnement et du D\u00e9voloppement Durable, October 2014), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environnement.gov.tn\/images\/fichiers\/Rapports\/Guide_Transport_Durable.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.environnement.gov.tn\/images\/fichiers\/Rapports\/Guide_Transport_Durable.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 3% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cGuide Pour Un Transport Durable En Tunisie,\u201d 23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mathieu Martin, \u201c\u2018Tounes Tetnafes 2017\u2019 (Tunis Respire 2017)\u202f: Premi\u00e8re Journ\u00e9e sans Voiture \u00e0 Tunis,\u201d CODATU, June 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 2% \u0645\u0646\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a 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<\/em>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Tunis, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 4 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mathieu Galtier, \u201cAutomobile\u202f: fin des quotas en Tunisie d\u00e8s 2016\u202f?,\u201d <em>Jeune Afrique<\/em>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/269171\/economie\/automobile-fin-des-quotas-en-tunisie-des-2016\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/269171\/economie\/automobile-fin-des-quotas-en-tunisie-des-2016\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAutomobile: Quotas, impots et taxes,\u201d <em>WMC Hors-S\u00e9rie: Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019automobile<\/em>, June 30, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kamel Ferchichi, \u201cVignette auto 2022\u202f: Une taxe qui f\u00e2che\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, January 8, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/120059\/vignette-auto-2022-une-taxe-qui-fache\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/120059\/vignette-auto-2022-une-taxe-qui-fache\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 1000 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 36\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2010-2018\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 191 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 (153)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nassim B., \u201cAlg\u00e9rie\u202f: Voici le nombre de v\u00e9hicules en circulation (Parc automobile),\u201d <em>Dzair Daily<\/em>, January 22, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/algerie-nombre-voitures-circulation-parc-automobile-algerien-2020\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/algerie-nombre-voitures-circulation-parc-automobile-algerien-2020\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (111).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPlus de 4 millions de v\u00e9hicules circulent officiellement au Maroc,\u201d <em>M\u00e9dias 24<\/em>, April 11, 2019, sec. ECONOMIE, <a href=\"https:\/\/medias24.com\/2019\/04\/11\/plus-de-4-millions-de-vehicules-circulent-officiellement-au-maroc\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/medias24.com\/2019\/04\/11\/plus-de-4-millions-de-vehicules-circulent-officiellement-au-maroc\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 27\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C\u00e9lia Corneil, \u201cRoulons Vers l\u2019\u00e9comobilit\u00e9\u202f!\u201d (Chabaka &#8211; R\u00e9seau tunisien des acteur.rice.s de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sociale et solidaire, February 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 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https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_4-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_4-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_4-2048x1448.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 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<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23217\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-720x509.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-720x509.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-1440x1018.png 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181209\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_5-2048x1448.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 &#8220;Parc automobile tunisien&#8221; \u060c WMC Hors-S\u00e9rie: Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019automobile \u060c 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2019. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. 2020. URL &#8220;\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;:\u00a0<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">worldbank<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">org<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">indicator<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">SP<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">POP<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">TOTL<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\u061f<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">locations<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">=<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">TN<\/a>.<\/em><em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/em><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Younes Boujelbene and Ahmed Derbel, \u201cThe Performance Analysis of Public Transport Operators in Tunisia Using AHP Method,\u201d <em>Procedia Computer Science<\/em> 73 (2015): 498\u2013508, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 (\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648)\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 TGM\u060c \u0648232 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cR\u00e9seaux,\u201d Transtu, accessed April 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/entreprise\/0002-reseaux.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/entreprise\/0002-reseaux.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thierry Desclos et al., \u201cR\u00e9publique Tunisienne. Note de Strat\u00e9gie Sectorielle Relative Au Secteur Des Transports Urbains\u201d (The World Bank, February 12, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/pt\/843581568612862142\/pdf\/Tunisie-Note-de-Strategie-Sectorielle-Relative-au-Secteur-des-Transports-Urbains.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/pt\/843581568612862142\/pdf\/Tunisie-Note-de-Strategie-Sectorielle-Relative-au-Secteur-des-Transports-Urbains.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 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6.1 \u06486.2).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23221\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-720x509.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-720x509.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-1440x1018.png 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_6-2048x1448.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Data for 2006 from Rafaa Mraihi, \u201cTransport des voyageurs par taxis collectifs et louages en Tunisie\u202f: un mod\u00e8le r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 la ville de Sousse,\u201d in Le transport artisanal dans les villes m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, ed. Xavier Godard, Actes INRETS (Aix en Provence: Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur S\u00e9curit\u00e9 INRETS, 2008), 85. Data for 2017 from Souhir Bouzid Ben Tahar, \u201cL\u2019essor des taxis collectifs dans le Grand Tunis, une r\u00e9ponse aux besoins de mobilit\u00e9 des p\u00e9riurbains. \u00c9tude de cas d\u2019El Mornaguia,\u201d Revue Internationale d\u2019Urbanisme RIURBA 9 (2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.riurba.review\/Revue\/lessor-des-taxis-collectifs-95\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.riurba.review\/Revue\/lessor-des-taxis-collectifs-95\/<\/span><\/a><\/em><em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 &#8211; \u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a &#8211; \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649&#8221; (TGM) \u0645\u0646\u0630 1872\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0637\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Laurent Debernardi, \u201cLe premier chemin de fer tunisien, le T. G. M. (1870-1898),\u201d <em>Revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019histoire d\u2019outre-mer<\/em> 50, no. 179 (1963): 197\u2013226, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/outre.1963.1374\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/outre.1963.1374<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 -\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 7.1 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (TGM\u060c \u06486 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 SNCFT) \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640 48 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f 70\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Haythem Maddouri, \u201cLe Transport Public Urbain\u202f: Les Villes, Moteurs de La Croissance \u00c9conomique Exemple\u202f: R\u00e9gion Du Grand Tunis,\u201d Policy Brief (Houloul, December 10, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/houloul.org\/fr\/2020\/12\/10\/le-transport-public-urbain-les-villes-moteurs-de-la-croissance-economique-exemple-region-du-grand-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/houloul.org\/fr\/2020\/12\/10\/le-transport-public-urbain-les-villes-moteurs-de-la-croissance-economique-exemple-region-du-grand-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 7.1: \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<table width=\"624\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"16\" width=\"97\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0637\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td><strong>0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>15.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>14.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>12.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>12.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>12.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>11.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>11.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>11.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>10.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>9.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>9.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>9.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>8.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>8.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>7.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>7.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"16\" width=\"97\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>7.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>6.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>6.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>6.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>6.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>6.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>5.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>5.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>5.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>5.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>4.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>4.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0633<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>4.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>4.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>4.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>4.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"16\" width=\"97\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>3.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>3.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>3.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>3.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>3.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>3.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>2.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>1.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>1.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>1.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>1.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 7.2 : \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<table width=\"561\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(16 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>7.3-15.2%<\/td>\n<td>0.1875<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(16 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>4.0%-7.1%<\/td>\n<td>2.1875<\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(16 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>0.2%-3.9%<\/td>\n<td>4.375<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0646: Dorra Dhraief et al., \u201cCarte de La Pauvret\u00e9 En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Institut National des Statistiques Tunisie, September 2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 800 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">38<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohamed Khalil Jelassi, \u201cEntreprises publiques &#8211; Restructuration de la Transtu\u202f: Avant qu\u2019il ne soit trop tard\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 23\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2010-2018.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Imen Nouira, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Dans Le Grand Tunis\u202f: Les Solutions Au Calvaire,\u201d <em>Business News<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis--les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis&#8211;les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 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\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 Play Store \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2.2\/5\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">40<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWassalni,\u201d Google Play, September 16, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=tn.TransTu.SmartGateway&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=US\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=tn.TransTu.SmartGateway&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=US<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">41<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Khemaies Krimi, \u201cTunisie\u202f: L\u2019absence d\u2019une Politique de Mobilit\u00e9 Urbaine \u00e0 l\u2019origine de La Crise Du Transport,\u201d <em>Kapitalis<\/em>, November 19, 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2019\/11\/19\/tunisie-labsence-dune-politique-de-mobilite-urbaine-a-lorigine-de-la-crise-du-transport\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2019\/11\/19\/tunisie-labsence-dune-politique-de-mobilite-urbaine-a-lorigine-de-la-crise-du-transport\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f 15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">42<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cMarche Horaire Hiver 2021-2022,\u201d Transtu, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/0080-marche-horaire-hiver-2021-2022.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/0080-marche-horaire-hiver-2021-2022.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0623\u0647 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">43<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cMarche Horaire Hiver 2021-2022.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">44<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fieldnotes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 650 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 1247 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 33\u066a \u0639\u0646 966 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 8). \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23224\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-720x509.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-720x509.png 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-1440x1018.png 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2022\/07\/25181208\/Tunisia-graphs-AR_Page_8-2048x1448.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">45<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Data for 2020 from Maddouri, \u201cLe Transport Public Urbain.\u201d Data for 2010 from Mohamed Khalil Jelassi, \u201cEntreprises publiques &#8211; Restructuration de la Transtu\u202f: Avant qu\u2019il ne soit trop tard\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 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\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">46<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Myriam Catusse and Olfa Lamloum, eds., <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em> (Arabesque, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-03083507\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-03083507<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">47<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621.. \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ultratunisia.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3\/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ultratunisia.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3\/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1<\/span><\/a> .<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0634\u0631<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">48<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Catusse and Lamloum, <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">49<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bouzid Ben Tahar, \u201cL\u2019essor des taxis collectifs dans le Grand Tunis.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">50<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 (0.5 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">51<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Catusse and Lamloum, <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em>, 53.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 4.5% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 22.5% \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 (36.1% \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 22.4%).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">52<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mathieu Martin, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Urbaine et Genre En Tunisie\u202f: Quelle Place Pour La Femme Dans Le Transport En 2017\u202f?,\u201d CODATU, November 27, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/mobilite-urbaine-et-genre-en-tunisie-quelle-place-pour-la-femme-dans-le-transport-en-2017\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/mobilite-urbaine-et-genre-en-tunisie-quelle-place-pour-la-femme-dans-le-transport-en-2017\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f 22.4% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">53<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mathieu Martin, \u201c\u2018Tounes Tetnafes 2017\u2019 (Tunis Respire 2017)\u202f: Premi\u00e8re Journ\u00e9e sans Voiture \u00e0 Tunis,\u201d CODATU, June 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_53', tipClass: 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">54<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Paula Holmes-Eber, <em>Daughters of Tunis: Women, Family, and Networks in a Muslim City<\/em>, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429501111\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429501111<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">55<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aliya Jessa, \u201cStaring Down Street Harassment: Women\u2019s Perspectives of Street Harassment in Tunisia,\u201d <em>Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection<\/em>, no. 2668 (2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.sit.edu\/isp_collection\/2668\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitalcollections.sit.edu\/isp_collection\/2668<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 &#8220;SafeNess&#8217; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">56<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gina Porter et al., \u201cImproving Young Women\u2019s Access to Safe Mobility in a Low-Income Area of Tunis: Challenges and Opportunities Pre- and Post-Covid,\u201d <em>Transportation Research Procedia<\/em> 60 (2022): 266\u201373, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.035\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.035<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">57<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2022)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 19 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">58<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cTunisia Invests in Transport Infrastructure to Ease Congestion and Strengthen Connectivity,\u201d Oxford Business Group, September 17, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/overview\/managing-transition-investment-infrastructure-aims-ease-congestion-and-improve-connectivity\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/overview\/managing-transition-investment-infrastructure-aims-ease-congestion-and-improve-connectivity<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_58').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_58', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 2015-2020 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 30%\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">59<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cTransport Infrastructure Needs Massive Investment,\u201d Economist Intelligence Unit, May 15, 2015,<a href=\"http:\/\/country.eiu.com\/article.aspx?articleid=1483168132&amp;Country=Tunisia&amp;topic=Economy&amp;subtopic=Forecast&amp;subsubtopic=Policy+trends&amp;u=1&amp;pid=987817283&amp;oid=987817283\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/country.eiu.com\/article.aspx?articleid=1483168132&amp;Country=Tunisia&amp;topic=Economy&amp;subtopic=Forecast&amp;subsubtopic=Policy+trends&amp;u=1&amp;pid=987817283&amp;oid=987817283<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 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3 Ans,\u201d <em>Investir En Tunisie<\/em>, September 2, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turess.com\/fr\/investir\/6823\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.turess.com\/fr\/investir\/6823<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_23226_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 2013\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_23226_1('footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_61');\" 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\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_23226_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_23226_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23226_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_23226_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mimi Sheller, \u201cTheorising Mobility Justice,\u201d <em>Tempo Social<\/em> 30, no. 2 (July 28, 2018): 17\u201334, p. 19 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/0103-2070.ts.2018.142763\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/0103-2070.ts.2018.142763<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rafael H. M. Pereira, Tim Schwanen, and David Banister, \u201cDistributive Justice and Equity in Transportation,\u201d <em>Transport Reviews<\/em> 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): 170\u201391, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441647.2016.1257660\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441647.2016.1257660<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ersilia Verlinghieri and Tim Schwanen, \u201cTransport and Mobility Justice: Evolving Discussions,\u201d <em>Journal of Transport Geography<\/em> 87 (July 2020): 102798, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amina Magouri et al., \u201cD\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres r\u00e9gionaux et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales en Tunisie: Axes et actions prioritaires\u201d (Tunis: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2018), 35, <a href=\"https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/tunesien\/14418.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/tunesien\/14418.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amor Belhedi, \u201cLe syst\u00e8me urbain tunisien. Analyse hi\u00e9rarchique d\u00e9mo-fonctionnelle sur la base de la loi Rang-taille,\u201d <em>Cybergeo<\/em>, February 9, 2004, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/cybergeo.3877\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/cybergeo.3877<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Magouri et al., \u201cD\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres r\u00e9gionaux et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales en Tunisie: Axes et actions prioritaires,\u201d 35.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dorra Dhraief et al., \u201cCarte de La Pauvret\u00e9 En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Institut National des Statistiques Tunisie, September 2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Author\u2019s calculations based on the data from \u201cStructure Des D\u00e9penses Des M\u00e9nages Selon Les Fonctions de Consommation,\u201d Institut National de la Statistique, March 24, 2021, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/statistiques\/104.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Younes Boujelbene and Ahmed Derbel, \u201cThe Performance Analysis of Public Transport Operators in Tunisia Using AHP Method,\u201d <em>Procedia Computer Science<\/em> 73 (2015): 498\u2013508, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Katharina Kilian-Yasin et al., \u201cSocial Acceptance of Alternative Mobility Systems in Tunis,\u201d Transportation Research Procedia 19 (2016): 135\u201346, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.074\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.074<\/span><\/a>.; \u201cR\u00e9publique Tunisienne. Livre Blanc Relatif Au Secteur Des Transports et de La Logistique\u201d (The World Bank, May 18, 2016).<\/em><em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Author\u2019s calculations based on public spending data from Imen Nouira, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Dans Le Grand Tunis\u202f: Les Solutions Au Calvaire,\u201d Business News, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis--les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis&#8211;les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3<\/span><\/a>. And total public spending data from The World Bank. 2018. &#8220;General government\u00a0 final consumption expenditure (current LCU) &#8211; Tunisia&#8221; URL: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NE.CON.GOVT.CN?locations=TN&amp;name_desc=true<\/span><\/em><em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Imen Nouira, \u201cLe prix d\u2019un v\u00e9hicule a augment\u00e9 de 63% en 12 ans,\u201d <em>Business News<\/em>, October 11, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-le-prix-dun-vehicule-a-augmente-de-63-en-12-ans,520,59506,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/tunisie-le-prix-dun-vehicule-a-augmente-de-63-en-12-ans,520,59506,3<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cLes concessionnaires automobiles plaident pour la lib\u00e9ralisation du secteur,\u201d TN 24, June 21, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/tn24.tn\/ar\/article\/tunisie-les-concessionnaires-automobiles-plaident-pour-la-liberalisation-du-secteur-151308\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tn24.tn\/ar\/article\/tunisie-les-concessionnaires-automobiles-plaident-pour-la-liberalisation-du-secteur-151308<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lilia Kamoun Turki, Hamza Ben Taarit, and Imen Yahia, \u201cRevue de Recherches\u201d (Tunis: Tunisie Valeurs &#8211; D\u00e9partement \u00c9tudes et Recherches, November 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tunisievaleurs.com\/documents\/tval-revue-etudes-et-recherches-nov-2020.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tunisievaleurs.com\/documents\/tval-revue-etudes-et-recherches-nov-2020.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohamed Afif Jaidi and Sharaf al-Din al-Yacoubi, \u201cVested Interests and Economic Rent: Tunisia\u2019s Car Market,\u201d Legal Agenda, April 7, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/vested-interests-and-economic-rent-tunisias-car-market\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/english.legal-agenda.com\/vested-interests-and-economic-rent-tunisias-car-market\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C\u00e9lia Corneil, \u201cRoulons Vers l\u2019\u00e9comobilit\u00e9\u202f!\u201d (Chabaka &#8211; R\u00e9seau tunisien des acteur.rice.s de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sociale et solidaire, February 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cGuide Pour Un Transport Durable En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Observatoire Tunisien de l\u2019Environnement et du D\u00e9voloppement Durable, October 2014), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environnement.gov.tn\/images\/fichiers\/Rapports\/Guide_Transport_Durable.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.environnement.gov.tn\/images\/fichiers\/Rapports\/Guide_Transport_Durable.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cGuide Pour Un Transport Durable En Tunisie,\u201d 23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mathieu Martin, \u201c\u2018Tounes Tetnafes 2017\u2019 (Tunis Respire 2017)\u202f: Premi\u00e8re Journ\u00e9e sans Voiture \u00e0 Tunis,\u201d CODATU, June 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Minist\u00e8re du Transport de la Tunisie, <em>Forum de La Mobilit\u00e9 Urbaine &#8211; <\/em>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Tunis, 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mathieu Galtier, \u201cAutomobile\u202f: fin des quotas en Tunisie d\u00e8s 2016\u202f?,\u201d <em>Jeune Afrique<\/em>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/269171\/economie\/automobile-fin-des-quotas-en-tunisie-des-2016\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/269171\/economie\/automobile-fin-des-quotas-en-tunisie-des-2016\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAutomobile: Quotas, impots et taxes,\u201d <em>WMC Hors-S\u00e9rie: Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019automobile<\/em>, June 30, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kamel Ferchichi, \u201cVignette auto 2022\u202f: Une taxe qui f\u00e2che\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, January 8, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/120059\/vignette-auto-2022-une-taxe-qui-fache\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/120059\/vignette-auto-2022-une-taxe-qui-fache\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nassim B., \u201cAlg\u00e9rie\u202f: Voici le nombre de v\u00e9hicules en circulation (Parc automobile),\u201d <em>Dzair Daily<\/em>, January 22, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/algerie-nombre-voitures-circulation-parc-automobile-algerien-2020\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dzairdaily.com\/algerie-nombre-voitures-circulation-parc-automobile-algerien-2020\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPlus de 4 millions de v\u00e9hicules circulent officiellement au Maroc,\u201d <em>M\u00e9dias 24<\/em>, April 11, 2019, sec. ECONOMIE, <a href=\"https:\/\/medias24.com\/2019\/04\/11\/plus-de-4-millions-de-vehicules-circulent-officiellement-au-maroc\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/medias24.com\/2019\/04\/11\/plus-de-4-millions-de-vehicules-circulent-officiellement-au-maroc\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C\u00e9lia Corneil, \u201cRoulons Vers l\u2019\u00e9comobilit\u00e9\u202f!\u201d (Chabaka &#8211; R\u00e9seau tunisien des acteur.rice.s de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sociale et solidaire, February 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.labess.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Roulons-vers-lecomobilite-.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a (Agence Technique des Transports Terrestres) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627: <a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.attt.com.tn\/page.php?code_menu=149\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.attt.com.tn\/page.php?code_menu=149<\/span><\/em><\/a><em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 &#8220;Parc automobile tunisien&#8221; \u060c WMC Hors-S\u00e9rie: Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019automobile \u060c 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2019. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. 2020. URL &#8220;\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;:\u00a0<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">worldbank<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">org<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">indicator<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\/<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">SP<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">POP<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">TOTL<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">\u061f<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">locations<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">=<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL%D8%9Flocations=TN\">TN<\/a>.<\/em><em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Younes Boujelbene and Ahmed Derbel, \u201cThe Performance Analysis of Public Transport Operators in Tunisia Using AHP Method,\u201d <em>Procedia Computer Science<\/em> 73 (2015): 498\u2013508, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.039<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cR\u00e9seaux,\u201d Transtu, accessed April 26, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/entreprise\/0002-reseaux.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/entreprise\/0002-reseaux.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thierry Desclos et al., \u201cR\u00e9publique Tunisienne. Note de Strat\u00e9gie Sectorielle Relative Au Secteur Des Transports Urbains\u201d (The World Bank, February 12, 2019), <a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/pt\/843581568612862142\/pdf\/Tunisie-Note-de-Strategie-Sectorielle-Relative-au-Secteur-des-Transports-Urbains.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/pt\/843581568612862142\/pdf\/Tunisie-Note-de-Strategie-Sectorielle-Relative-au-Secteur-des-Transports-Urbains.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 Taxi jami3 \u0623\u0648 Taxi Collectif \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 8 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Data for 2006 from Rafaa Mraihi, \u201cTransport des voyageurs par taxis collectifs et louages en Tunisie\u202f: un mod\u00e8le r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 la ville de Sousse,\u201d in Le transport artisanal dans les villes m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, ed. Xavier Godard, Actes INRETS (Aix en Provence: Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur S\u00e9curit\u00e9 INRETS, 2008), 85. Data for 2017 from Souhir Bouzid Ben Tahar, \u201cL\u2019essor des taxis collectifs dans le Grand Tunis, une r\u00e9ponse aux besoins de mobilit\u00e9 des p\u00e9riurbains. \u00c9tude de cas d\u2019El Mornaguia,\u201d Revue Internationale d\u2019Urbanisme RIURBA 9 (2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.riurba.review\/Revue\/lessor-des-taxis-collectifs-95\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.riurba.review\/Revue\/lessor-des-taxis-collectifs-95\/<\/span><\/a><\/em><em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Laurent Debernardi, \u201cLe premier chemin de fer tunisien, le T. G. M. (1870-1898),\u201d <em>Revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019histoire d\u2019outre-mer<\/em> 50, no. 179 (1963): 197\u2013226, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/outre.1963.1374\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/outre.1963.1374<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Haythem Maddouri, \u201cLe Transport Public Urbain\u202f: Les Villes, Moteurs de La Croissance \u00c9conomique Exemple\u202f: R\u00e9gion Du Grand Tunis,\u201d Policy Brief (Houloul, December 10, 2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/houloul.org\/fr\/2020\/12\/10\/le-transport-public-urbain-les-villes-moteurs-de-la-croissance-economique-exemple-region-du-grand-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/houloul.org\/fr\/2020\/12\/10\/le-transport-public-urbain-les-villes-moteurs-de-la-croissance-economique-exemple-region-du-grand-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0646: Dorra Dhraief et al., \u201cCarte de La Pauvret\u00e9 En Tunisie\u201d (Tunis: Institut National des Statistiques Tunisie, September 2020), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.ins.tn\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/pdf\/Carte%20de%20la%20pauvret%C3%A9%20en%20Tunisie_final_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohamed Khalil Jelassi, \u201cEntreprises publiques &#8211; Restructuration de la Transtu\u202f: Avant qu\u2019il ne soit trop tard\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Imen Nouira, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Dans Le Grand Tunis\u202f: Les Solutions Au Calvaire,\u201d <em>Business News<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis--les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.businessnews.com.tn\/mobilite-dans-le-grand-tunis&#8211;les-solutions-au-calvaire,519,92901,3<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWassalni,\u201d Google Play, September 16, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=tn.TransTu.SmartGateway&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=US\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=tn.TransTu.SmartGateway&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=US<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khemaies Krimi, \u201cTunisie\u202f: L\u2019absence d\u2019une Politique de Mobilit\u00e9 Urbaine \u00e0 l\u2019origine de La Crise Du Transport,\u201d <em>Kapitalis<\/em>, November 19, 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2019\/11\/19\/tunisie-labsence-dune-politique-de-mobilite-urbaine-a-lorigine-de-la-crise-du-transport\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/kapitalis.com\/tunisie\/2019\/11\/19\/tunisie-labsence-dune-politique-de-mobilite-urbaine-a-lorigine-de-la-crise-du-transport\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cMarche Horaire Hiver 2021-2022,\u201d Transtu, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/0080-marche-horaire-hiver-2021-2022.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.transtu.tn\/fr\/0080-marche-horaire-hiver-2021-2022.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cMarche Horaire Hiver 2021-2022.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fieldnotes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Data for 2020 from Maddouri, \u201cLe Transport Public Urbain.\u201d Data for 2010 from Mohamed Khalil Jelassi, \u201cEntreprises publiques &#8211; Restructuration de la Transtu\u202f: Avant qu\u2019il ne soit trop tard\u202f!,\u201d <em>La Presse de Tunisie<\/em>, November 18, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lapresse.tn\/35677\/entreprises-publiques-restructuration-de-la-transtu-avant-quil-ne-soit-trop-tard\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Myriam Catusse and Olfa Lamloum, eds., <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em> (Arabesque, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-03083507\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-03083507<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621.. \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ultratunisia.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3\/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ultratunisia.ultrasawt.com\/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3\/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1<\/span><\/a> .<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Catusse and Lamloum, <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bouzid Ben Tahar, \u201cL\u2019essor des taxis collectifs dans le Grand Tunis.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 (0.5 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Catusse and Lamloum, <em>Jeunes et violences institutionnelles. Enqu\u00eate dix ans apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution tunisienne.<\/em>, 53.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mathieu Martin, \u201cMobilit\u00e9 Urbaine et Genre En Tunisie\u202f: Quelle Place Pour La Femme Dans Le Transport En 2017\u202f?,\u201d CODATU, November 27, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/mobilite-urbaine-et-genre-en-tunisie-quelle-place-pour-la-femme-dans-le-transport-en-2017\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/mobilite-urbaine-et-genre-en-tunisie-quelle-place-pour-la-femme-dans-le-transport-en-2017\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mathieu Martin, \u201c\u2018Tounes Tetnafes 2017\u2019 (Tunis Respire 2017)\u202f: Premi\u00e8re Journ\u00e9e sans Voiture \u00e0 Tunis,\u201d CODATU, June 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.codatu.org\/actualites\/tounes-tetnafes-2017-tunis-respire-2017-premiere-journee-sans-voiture-a-tunis\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Paula Holmes-Eber, <em>Daughters of Tunis: Women, Family, and Networks in a Muslim City<\/em>, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429501111\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429501111<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aliya Jessa, \u201cStaring Down Street Harassment: Women\u2019s Perspectives of Street Harassment in Tunisia,\u201d <em>Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection<\/em>, no. 2668 (2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.sit.edu\/isp_collection\/2668\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/digitalcollections.sit.edu\/isp_collection\/2668<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gina Porter et al., \u201cImproving Young Women\u2019s Access to Safe Mobility in a Low-Income Area of Tunis: Challenges and Opportunities Pre- and Post-Covid,\u201d <em>Transportation Research Procedia<\/em> 60 (2022): 266\u201373, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.035\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.035<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2022)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cNI7-Nr8mdU<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTunisia Invests in Transport Infrastructure to Ease Congestion and Strengthen Connectivity,\u201d Oxford Business Group, September 17, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/overview\/managing-transition-investment-infrastructure-aims-ease-congestion-and-improve-connectivity\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/overview\/managing-transition-investment-infrastructure-aims-ease-congestion-and-improve-connectivity<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTransport Infrastructure Needs Massive Investment,\u201d Economist Intelligence Unit, May 15, 2015,<a href=\"http:\/\/country.eiu.com\/article.aspx?articleid=1483168132&amp;Country=Tunisia&amp;topic=Economy&amp;subtopic=Forecast&amp;subsubtopic=Policy+trends&amp;u=1&amp;pid=987817283&amp;oid=987817283\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/country.eiu.com\/article.aspx?articleid=1483168132&amp;Country=Tunisia&amp;topic=Economy&amp;subtopic=Forecast&amp;subsubtopic=Policy+trends&amp;u=1&amp;pid=987817283&amp;oid=987817283<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTunisie\u202f: Le RFR Sera Fonctionnel Dans 3 Ans,\u201d <em>Investir En Tunisie<\/em>, September 2, 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turess.com\/fr\/investir\/6823\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.turess.com\/fr\/investir\/6823<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_61');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_23226_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_23226_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_23226_1_62');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_23226_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_23226_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23226_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_23226_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_23226_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_23226_1').text('+'); } function 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