{"id":2262,"date":"2018-12-05T12:00:51","date_gmt":"2018-12-05T11:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev84049.arab-reform.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=2262"},"modified":"2019-10-16T11:32:03","modified_gmt":"2019-10-16T09:32:03","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%ba%d8%b0%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%b1%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%ba%d8%b0%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%b1%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0630\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0650\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2262_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2262_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2262_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Lebanese Expats Lobby Online for Cheaper MEA Tickets, <em>The Daily Star<\/em>, 9 June 2017, <span 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0650\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Abdelhady, Dalia. 2008. \u201cRepresenting the Homeland: Lebanese Diasporic Notions of Home and<br \/>\nReturn in a Global Context.\u201d <em>Cultural Dynamics <\/em>20(1): 53\u201372.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1177\/0921374007088055<\/li>\n<li>Abdelhady, Dalia. 2006. \u201cBeyond Home\/Host Networks: Forms of Solidarity Among Lebanese Immigrants in a Global Era.\u201d <em>Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power<\/em>13 (3):427\u2013453. doi: <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10702890600839595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dx.doi.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Adebayo, Peter. 2010. \u201cTransnational Networks of the Lebanese-Nigerian Diaspora.\u201d <em>Middle\u00a0<\/em><em>East Institute.<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mei.edu\/content\/transnational-networks-lebanese-nigerian-diaspora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mei.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Asal, Houda. 2012. \u201cCommunity Sector Dynamics and theLebanese Diaspora: Internal Fragmentation and Transnationalism on the Web.\u201d [Working Paper] <em>Fondation Maison des\u00a0<\/em><em>Sciences de L\u2019Homme and e-Diasporas.<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.e-diasporas.fr\/working-papers\/Asal-Lebanese-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">e-diasporas.fr<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Burgess, Katrina. 2017. \u201cEmigrants as Outsiders or Insiders? Long-Distance Advocacy in Post-1980 Democracies\u201d [Conference Paper] <em>Oxford University.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Charafeddine, Raed. 2015. \u201cThe Lebanese Diaspora: A Civil Solution for Extreme Choices.\u201d\u00a0<em>Banque Du Liban. <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/ulcm.org\/docs\/default-source\/emigration\/the-lebanese-diaspora-nbsp-a-civil-solution-for-extreme-nbsp-choices-.pdf?sfvrsn=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ulcm.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>De Bel-Air, Fran\u00e7oise. 2017. \u201cMigration Profile: Lebanon.\u201d [Policy Brief] Migration Policy Centre. <a href=\"http:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/46504\/RSCAS_PB_2017_12_MPC.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cadmus.eui.eu<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dibbeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih and Walid Marrouch (2016). Decision to Emigrate amongst the Youth in Lebanon: the role of socio-economic factors. SAHWA Scientific paper. Available from <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2g59Dvy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bit.ly\/2g59Dvy<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fakhoury, Tamirace. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/556626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cDo Power-Sharing Systems Behave Differently amid Regional Uprisings? Lebanon in the Arab Protest Wave.\u201d<\/a><em>Middle East Journal<\/em>, 68 (4): 505\u2013520.<\/li>\n<li>Fakhoury Tamirace. 2011.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/ngs.2011.5.1\/ngs.2011.5.1.1136\/ngs.2011.5.1.1136.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cLebanon against the Backdrop of the 2011 Arab Uprisings: Sectarian Chains and Divided Loyalties.\u201d<\/a><em>New Global Studies<\/em>5, 1 (4): 1\u201311.<\/li>\n<li>Hourani, Guita. 2007. \u201cLebanese Diaspora and Homeland Relations\u201d [Discussion Paper] <em>AUC <\/em><em>\u00a0Egypt<\/em>. http:\/\/schools.aucegypt.edu\/GAPP\/cmrs\/Documents\/Guitahourani.pdf<\/li>\n<li>Humphrey, Michael. 2014. \u201cLebanese Identities: Between Cities, Nations and Trans-Nations\u201d <em>Arab Studies Quarterly <\/em>26 (1): 31\u201350.<em>ISSN Online: 2043\u20136920<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Jaulin, Thibaut. 2006. \u201cLebanese Politics of Nationality and Emigration\u201d [Working Paper]\u00a0<em>European University Institute and Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/6225\/RSCAS_2006_29.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cadmus.eui.eu<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Koinova Maria. 2011. \u201cCan Conflict-generated Diasporas be moderate actors during episodes of contested sovereignty?\u201d Lebanese and Albanian diasporas compared\u201d, Review of International Studies 37 (1): 437-462<\/li>\n<li>Leichtman, Mara A. 2010. \u201cMigration, War, and the Making of a Transnational Lebanese Shi\u2019i Community in Senegal.\u201d <em>International Journal of Middle East Studies<\/em>42 (2):269\u2013290.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40784726\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jstor.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pearlman, Wendy. 2014. \u201cCompeting for Lebanon\u2019s Diaspora: Transnationalism and Domestic Struggles in a Weak State\u201d <em>International Migration Review <\/em>48 (1): 34\u201375. doi: 10.1111\/imre.12070<\/li>\n<li>Stel, Nora. 2013. \u201cDiaspora versus Refugee: The Political Economy of Lebanese Entrepreneurship Regimes.\u201d [Working Paper] <em>Maastricht School of Management.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.msm.nl\/resources\/uploads\/2014\/02\/MSM-WP2013-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">msm.nl<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Nora Stel. 2014.\u00a0 \u201cGovernance and Government in the Arab Spring Hybridity: Reflections from Lebanon,\u201d <em>Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice<\/em>6 (2014): 49\u201369.<\/li>\n<li>Tabar, Paul. 2014. \u201c\u2018Political Remittances\u2019: The Case of Lebanese Expatriates Voting in National Elections\u201d <em>Journal of Intercultural Studies<\/em>35 (4): 442\u2013460. doi: 10.1080\/07256868.2014.913015<\/li>\n<li>Skulte-Ouaiss\u00a0 Jennifer and Paul Tabar. 2015. Strong in Their Weakness or Weak in Their Strength? The Case of Lebanese Diaspora Engagement with Lebanon, Immigrants &amp; Minorities, 33:2, 141-164,<\/li>\n<li>Trent, Deborah Lee. 2012. \u201cAmerican Diaspora Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Policy and Lebanese Americans\u201d [Discussion Paper No. 125] <em>Netherlands Institute of International Relations\u00a0<\/em><em>\u2018Clingendael\u2019<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20121206_discussionpaperindiplomacy_125_trent_beveiligd.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clingendael.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Bank. 2011. \u201cMigration and Remitances Factbook 2011\u201d. <em>The World Bank<\/em>.<a href=\"https:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTLAC\/Resources\/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">siteresources.worldbank.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2262_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2262_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2262_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_2262_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Christian Lebanese Union in Britain CLUB; Canadian Lebanese Christian Heritage Club (CLCHC) World Maronite Union-European Chapter (WMU-Europe<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Lebanese Expats Lobby Online for Cheaper MEA Tickets, <em>The Daily Star<\/em>, 9 June 2017, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.dailystar.com.lb\/News\/Lebanon-News\/2017\/Jun-09\/409093-lebanese-expats-lobby-online-for-cheaper-mea-tickets.ashx?utm_source=Magnet&amp;utm_medium=Related%20Articles%20widget&amp;utm_campaign=Magnet%20tools<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2262_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2262_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2262_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0631\u0645.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_2262_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2262_1').show(); 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