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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lust and Waldner, \u2018Parties in Transitional Democracies: Authoritarian Legacies and Post-Authoritarian Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa\u2019, 182.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2011\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u062a &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 69% \u0645\u0646 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North Africa\u2019, 183.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0646 2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2019: \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_21042_1('footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_21042_1('footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Al Jazeera, \u2018Tunisia Parliament Approves Unity Government\u2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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Secularists and Old Regime Elites in Tunisia\u2019, 107.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 &#8220;\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Al Jazeera, \u2018Tunisia Parliament Rejects Gov\u2019t of PM-Designate Habib Jemli\u2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_21042_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644 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\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 -\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a-\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1: \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2019 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"683\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"311\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"372\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a %<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a-\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>19.5<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>91<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>14.5<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/td>\n<td>6.4<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td>5.9<\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td>6.6<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>1.4<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td>1.2<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1.6<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>1.6<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>1.0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0.6<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td>0.6<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0.3<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<td>0.3<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0643\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Abderrahmen, Aymen<\/strong>. \u2018How Tunisia\u2019s \u201cTwo Sheikhs\u201d Sought to Halt Transitional Justice\u2019. <em>Tahiri Institue Middle East Policy<\/em>, December 2018. https:\/\/timep.org\/commentary\/analysis\/how-tunisias-two-sheikhs-sought-to-halt-transitional-justice\/.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ahram Online<\/strong>. \u2018Tunisia MPs Approve Landmark New Govt\u2019. <em>Ahram Online<\/em>, 5 February 2015. https:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/2\/8\/122290\/World\/Region\/Tunisia-MPs-approve-landmark-new-govt.aspx.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al Jazeera<\/strong>. \u2018Tunisia Parliament Approves Unity Government\u2019, 6 February 2015. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2015\/2\/6\/tunisia-parliament-approves-unity-government.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u2018Tunisia Parliament Rejects Gov\u2019t of PM-Designate Habib Jemli\u2019, 11 January 2020. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/1\/11\/tunisia-parliament-rejects-govt-of-pm-designate-habib-jemli.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Boubekeur, Amel<\/strong>. \u2018Islamists, Secularists and Old Regime Elites in Tunisia: Bargained Competition\u2019. <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 21, no. 1 (2 January 2016): 107\u201327.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Carey, John M<\/strong>. \u2018Electoral Formula and Fragmentation in Hong Kong\u2019. <em>Journal of East Asian Studies<\/em> 17, no. 2 (2017): 215\u201331. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-east-asian-studies\/article\/electoral-formula-and-fragmentation-in-hong-kong\/C74B4E8FC20A49A0877E561D13F8B268.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u2018Electoral Formula and the Tunisian Constituent Assembly.\u2019 Dartmouth College, 2013. http:\/\/sites.dartmouth.edu\/jcarey\/files\/2013\/02\/Tunisia-Electoral-Formula-Carey-May-2013-reduced.pdf.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u2018Electoral System Design in New Democracies\u2019. In <em>The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems<\/em>, edited by Erik S Herron, Robert J Pekkanen, and Matthew S Shugart, 2018.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Carey, John M., Tarek Masoud, and Andrew Reynolds<\/strong>. \u2018Institutions as Causes and Effects: North African Electoral Systems During the Arab Spring\u2019. <em>HKS Working Paper No. RWP16-042<\/em>, 2015. https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/institutions-causes-and-effects-north-african-electoral-systems-during-arab-spring.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cimini, Giulia<\/strong>. \u2018Parties in an Era of Change: Membership in the (Re-)Making in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia\u2019. <em>The Journal of North African Studies<\/em> 25, no. 6 (2020): 960\u201379. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/ref\/10.1080\/13629387.2019.1644918.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corrales, Javier, and Michael Penfold<\/strong>. <em>Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chavez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela<\/em>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2015.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cristiani, Dario<\/strong>. \u2018Tunisia\u2019s Political Landscape a Decade after the Jasmine Revolution\u2019. <em>Atlantic Council<\/em>, 17 December 2020. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/tunisias-political-landscape-a-decade-after-the-jasmine-revolution\/.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dejoui, Nadia<\/strong>. \u2018Le PDL refuse toute prise de contact avec Ennahdha\u2019. <em>L\u2019Economiste Maghr\u00e9bin<\/em>, 17 October 2019. https:\/\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/2019\/10\/17\/pdl-refuse-toute-prise-contact-ennahdha\/.<\/p>\n<p><strong>France 24.<\/strong> \u2018Tunisian Parliament Gives Vote of Confidence to Coalition Government\u2019. <em>France 24<\/em>, 27 February 2020. https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20200227-tunisia-parliament-coalition-government-elyes-fakhfakh-ennahda.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hamid, Shadi, and Sharan Grewal<\/strong>. \u2018The Dark Side of Consensus in Tunisia: Lessons from 2015-2019\u2019. <em>Brookings<\/em>, 31 January 2020. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/the-dark-side-of-consensus-in-tunisia-lessons-from-2015-2019\/.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jebli, Hanen<\/strong>. \u2018How a Battle inside This Tunisian Political Party Is Paralysing the Country\u2019. <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>, 2018. http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/how-battle-inside-tunisian-political-party-paralysing-country.<\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00f6lln, Ann-Kristin<\/strong>. \u2018The Value of Political Parties to Representative Democracy\u2019. <em>European Political Science Review<\/em> 7, no. 4 (November 2015): 593\u2013613. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/european-political-science-review\/article\/abs\/value-of-political-parties-to-representative-democracy\/F019B8C30DC43868D8FB4E81FFC267F7.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lust, Ellen, and David Waldner<\/strong>. \u2018Parties in Transitional Democracies: Authoritarian Legacies and Post-Authoritarian Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa\u2019. In <em>Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World<\/em>, edited by Nancy Bermeo and Deborah J. Yashar, 157\u201389. Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n<p><strong>McClintock, Cynthia<\/strong>. \u2018Peru\u2019s Fujimori: A Caudillo Derails Democracy\u2019. <em>Current History<\/em> 92, no. 572 (1993): 112\u201319.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meddeb, Hamza<\/strong>. Email, 29 September 2021.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Murphy, Emma C<\/strong>. \u2018The Tunisian Elections of October 2011: A Democratic Consensus\u2019. <em>The Journal of North African Studies<\/em> 18, no. 2 (1 March 2013): 231\u201347.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pickard, Duncan<\/strong>. \u2018Prospects for Implementing Democracy in Tunisia\u2019. <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 19, no. 2 (4 May 2014): 259\u201364. http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13629395.2014.917796.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Shugart, Matthew, Erika Moreno Soberg, and Luis E. Fajardo<\/strong>. \u2018Deepening Democracy by Renovating Political Practices: The Struggle for Electoral Reform in Colombia.\u2019 In <em>Peace, Democracy, and Human Rights in Colombia<\/em>, edited by Christopher Welna and Gustavo Gall\u00f3n, 202\u201367. Kellogg Institute Series on Democracy and Development. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yard\u0131mc\u0131-Geyik\u00e7i, \u015eebnem, and \u00d6zlem T\u00fcr<\/strong>. \u2018Rethinking the Tunisian Miracle: A Party Politics View\u2019. <em>Democratization<\/em> 25, no. 5 (4 July 2018): 787\u2013803.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u062f\u064e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1762)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2013.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644&#8221;. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 6 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/60959\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/sada\/60959<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634<\/strong>. &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628&#8221;. \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634\u060c 7 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2015\/07\/07\/278970\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2015\/07\/07\/278970<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_21042_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_21042_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_21042_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_21042_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Murphy, \u2018The Tunisian Elections of October 2011\u2019, 235.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, Masoud, and Reynolds, \u2018Institutions as Causes and Effects\u2019, 22.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pickard, \u2018Prospects for Implementing Democracy in Tunisia\u2019, 262.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lust and Waldner, \u2018Parties in Transitional Democracies: Authoritarian Legacies and Post-Authoritarian Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa\u2019, 182.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, Masoud, and Reynolds, \u2018Institutions as Causes and Effects\u2019, 15.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, \u2018Electoral Formula and the Tunisian Constituent Assembly.\u2019, 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lust and Waldner, \u2018Parties in Transitional Democracies: Authoritarian Legacies and Post-Authoritarian Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa\u2019, 183.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ahram Online, \u2018Tunisia MPs Approve Landmark New Govt\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Al Jazeera, \u2018Tunisia Parliament Approves Unity Government\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Boubekeur, \u2018Islamists, Secularists and Old Regime Elites in Tunisia\u2019, 107.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2015\/07\/07\/278970\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2015\/07\/07\/278970<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yard\u0131mc\u0131-Geyik\u00e7i and T\u00fcr, \u2018Rethinking the Tunisian Miracle\u2019, 794.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Abderrahmen, \u2018How Tunisia\u2019s \u201cTwo Sheikhs\u201d Sought to Halt Transitional Justice\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hamid and Grewal, \u2018The Dark Side of Consensus in Tunisia\u2019, 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jebli, \u2018How a Battle inside This Tunisian Political Party Is Paralysing the Country\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cristiani, \u2018Tunisia\u2019s Political Landscape a Decade after the Jasmine Revolution\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dejoui, \u2018Le PDL refuse toute prise de contact avec Ennahdha\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Al Jazeera, \u2018Tunisia Parliament Rejects Gov\u2019t of PM-Designate Habib Jemli\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">France 24, \u2018Tunisian Parliament Gives Vote of Confidence to Coalition Government\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 24 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Corrales and Penfold, <em>Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chavez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela<\/em>; McClintock, \u2018Peru\u2019s Fujimori\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">K\u00f6lln, \u2018The Value of Political Parties to Representative Democracy\u2019, 610.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u062f\u064e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1762).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, \u2018Electoral System Design in New Democracies\u2019, 108.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Shugart, Soberg, and Fajardo, \u2018Deepening Democracy by Renovating Political Practices: The Struggle for Electoral Reform in Colombia.\u2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, \u2018Electoral Formula and Fragmentation in Hong Kong\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carey, \u2018Electoral System Design in New Democracies\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_21042_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_21042_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_21042_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cimini, \u2018Parties in an Era of Change\u2019, 961.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_21042_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_21042_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_21042_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_21042_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_21042_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_21042_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_21042_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_21042_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_21042_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_21042_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_21042_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_21042_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, 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