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\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a.\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n<p>____________ \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n<p>____________ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628 UPCC \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 MUSE). \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c 2009.<\/p>\n<p>____________ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u061b \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643: \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u060c 2012.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/dar.aucegypt.edu\/handle\/10526\/3959\">http:\/\/dar.aucegypt.edu\/handle\/10526\/3959<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>____________ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f 48 (1,2) (2019) 128-185.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 <em>Antipode<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f 34\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 3 (2002): 427-450. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8330.00249\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8330.00249<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 (\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c 2020.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19983_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19983_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19983_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19983_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19983_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19983_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19983_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19983_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19983_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19983_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; (UN-Habitat).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_19983_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19983_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19983_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_19983_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19983_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19983_1').text('+'); } function 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