{"id":19892,"date":"2021-09-07T15:36:07","date_gmt":"2021-09-07T13:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=19892"},"modified":"2021-09-14T15:07:48","modified_gmt":"2021-09-14T13:07:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a8-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a8-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>I.<br \/>\n\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chehayeb, K. (n.d.). Lebanon&#8217;s sectarian parties trounced in unprecedented student elections. <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/lebanon-elections-student-victory-independents-sweep-sectarian\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/lebanon-elections-student-victory-independents-sweep-sectarian<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Traboulsi, Fawaz. (2007). <em>A history of modern Lebanon<\/em>. London: Pluto Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; 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(2017, June 10). \u201cThe student movement in 1968\u201d. <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>. Retrieved March 09, 2021, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/23777\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/23777<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a &#8220;\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Barakat, Halim Isber. (1977). <em>Lebanon in strife: student preludes to the civil war<\/em>. Austin: University of Texas Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1967 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Rabah, Makram. (2009) <em>A campus at War: student politics at the American University of Beirut, 1967-1975. <\/em>Beirut: Dar Nelson<em>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Bray-Collins, E. (2016). \u201c<em>Sectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon<\/em>.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> .<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a 15 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Buljo, Henrik. \u201cStudents Taking to the Streets: Mobilizing for a Secular Lebanon\u201d. (2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ). \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u200b\u200b\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u201c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0640\u201d\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201c\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <u>The Lebanese Forces Social Club members, for example, estimated their budget to be close to 00 in 2008; Bray-Collins, Elinor. (2016). \u201c<em>Sectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon<\/em>.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/u><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bray-Collins, Elinor. (2016). \u201cSectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629] \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 Buljo, Henrik. \u201cStudents Taking to the Streets: Mobilizing for a Secular Lebanon\u201d. 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A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon. <em>The Economist<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2019\/10\/05\/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2019\/10\/05\/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chehayeb, K. (2019, September 19). Large protests in Beirut against desperate economic situation turn violent. <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/large-protests-beirut-against-desperate-economic-situation-turn-violent\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/large-protests-beirut-against-desperate-economic-situation-turn-violent<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643. (26 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124<\/span><\/a>. <em>Post by National Bloc<\/em>. Facebook. (2021, March 26). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 (15 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CFK0rR7Jmx1\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CFK0rR7Jmx1\/<\/span><\/a>. <em>Instagram Post by AUB Secular Club<\/em>. 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\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 &#8211; Lebanese Forces Students\u060c (\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 29\u060c 2020). \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631&#8221;. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/LFStudents1\/status\/1333118827392098306\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/LFStudents1\/status\/1333118827392098306<\/span><\/a>. Lebanese Forces Students &#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628. (2020, November 29). <em>Post from Lebanese Forces Students<\/em>. Twitter.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0632\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0645.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/855004411706165\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/855004411706165\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 17 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/904961736710432\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/904961736710432<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 12 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/935308563675749\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/935308563675749<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19892_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19892_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CLm3QmlMtTm\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CLm3QmlMtTm\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_25').tooltip({ tip: 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id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19892_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19892_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chehayeb, K. (n.d.). Lebanon&#8217;s sectarian parties trounced in unprecedented student elections. <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/lebanon-elections-student-victory-independents-sweep-sectarian\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/lebanon-elections-student-victory-independents-sweep-sectarian<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Traboulsi, Fawaz. (2007). <em>A history of modern Lebanon<\/em>. London: Pluto Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 26 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LCPYouthSector\/videos\/700752140357620\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LCPYouthSector\/videos\/700752140357620<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<em>.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.al-nidaa.com\/politics\/item\/31154-2019-06-27-18-13-45.\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.al-nidaa.com\/politics\/item\/31154-2019-06-27-18-13-45.<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anderson, Betty S. (2017, June 10). \u201cThe student movement in 1968\u201d. <em>Jadaliyya<\/em>. Retrieved March 09, 2021, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/23777\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/23777<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Barakat, Halim Isber. (1977). <em>Lebanon in strife: student preludes to the civil war<\/em>. Austin: University of Texas Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Rabah, Makram. (2009) <em>A campus at War: student politics at the American University of Beirut, 1967-1975. <\/em>Beirut: Dar Nelson<em>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Bray-Collins, E. (2016). \u201c<em>Sectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon<\/em>.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Buljo, Henrik. \u201cStudents Taking to the Streets: Mobilizing for a Secular Lebanon\u201d. (2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u200b\u200b\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u201c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0640\u201d\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201c\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <u>The Lebanese Forces Social Club members, for example, estimated their budget to be close to 00 in 2008; Bray-Collins, Elinor. (2016). \u201c<em>Sectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon<\/em>.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/u><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bray-Collins, Elinor. (2016). \u201cSectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon.\u201d Thesis submission, University of Toronto.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 Buljo, Henrik. \u201cStudents Taking to the Streets: Mobilizing for a Secular Lebanon\u201d. (2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Economist (2019, October 5). A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon. <em>The Economist<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2019\/10\/05\/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2019\/10\/05\/a-long-feared-currency-crisis-has-begun-to-bite-in-lebanon<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chehayeb, K. (2019, September 19). Large protests in Beirut against desperate economic situation turn violent. <em>Middle East Eye<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/large-protests-beirut-against-desperate-economic-situation-turn-violent\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/large-protests-beirut-against-desperate-economic-situation-turn-violent<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643. (26 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124<\/span><\/a>. <em>Post by National Bloc<\/em>. Facebook. (2021, March 26). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Nationalbloc.lb\/posts\/2961342550769124<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 (15 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CFK0rR7Jmx1\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CFK0rR7Jmx1\/<\/span><\/a>. <em>Instagram Post by AUB Secular Club<\/em>. (2020, September 15).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 &#8211; Lebanese Forces Students\u060c (\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 29\u060c 2020). \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631&#8221;. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/LFStudents1\/status\/1333118827392098306\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/LFStudents1\/status\/1333118827392098306<\/span><\/a>. Lebanese Forces Students &#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628. (2020, November 29). <em>Post from Lebanese Forces Students<\/em>. Twitter.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627.\u060c \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0625\u0645 \u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0 (18 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtv.com.lb\/AMP\/Details\/768949\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mtv.com.lb\/AMP\/Details\/768949<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/855004411706165\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/855004411706165\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 17 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/904961736710432\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/904961736710432<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 12 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/935308563675749\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MadaNetwork\/photos\/935308563675749<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19892_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19892_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19892_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0649&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CLm3QmlMtTm\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CLm3QmlMtTm\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_19892_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19892_1').show(); 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jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":19885,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[269,163,84],"class_list":["post-19892","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12","tag-269","tag-163","tag-84"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19892\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19982,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19892\/revisions\/19982"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}