{"id":19795,"date":"2021-08-26T16:37:19","date_gmt":"2021-08-26T14:37:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=19795"},"modified":"2021-08-26T16:46:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-26T14:46:56","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ab%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a5%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ab%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636) \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f&#8221; 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McNamee, \u201cSlavery\u2019s Last Stand,\u201d CNN.com March 2012. Accessed May 29th, 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_4\" 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\u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0650\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0646&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \u201cThe Politics of the Haratin Social Movement in Mauritania, 1978-2014,\u201d in Osama Abi Merched, <em>Social Currents in North Africa: Culture and Governance after the Arab Spring<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Helene Aastrup-Samuels and Bo Harringer, \u201cBorn Slave\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/wrlc-gu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma9911446729004101&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01WRLC_GUNIV:01WRLC_GUNIV&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=DN_and_CI&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,slavery%20mauritania&amp;sortby=rank&amp;facet=rtype,include,videos&amp;offset=0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/wrlc-gu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma9911446729004101&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01WRLC_GUNIV:01WRLC_GUNIV&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=DN_and_CI&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,slavery%20mauritania&amp;sortby=rank&amp;facet=rtype,include,videos&amp;offset=0<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">E. Anne Mcdougal, \u201cMauritania: Alive and Well in Mauritania? Slavery and Its Stubborn Vestiges\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alexis Okeowo (8 September 2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2014\/09\/08\/freedom-fighter\">&#8220;Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist&#8217;s crusade&#8221;<\/a>. <em>The New Yorker<\/em>. Retrieved May 29, 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f&#8221; 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Anne Mcdougal, \u201cLiving the Legacy of Slavery.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/etudesafricaines\/15068\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/etudesafricaines\/15068<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 -\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629- \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/MRG_Rep_Maur2_ARA_5.pdf\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alexis Okeowo (8 September 2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2014\/09\/08\/freedom-fighter\">&#8220;Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist&#8217;s crusade&#8221;<\/a>. <em>The New Yorker<\/em>. Retrieved May 29, 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064f 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646&#8221;) \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0637 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sutter, J. D.. 2012. Slavery\u2019s last stronghold. CNN. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2012\/03\/world\/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold\/index.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2012\/03\/world\/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold\/index.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a 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Anne Mcdougal, \u201cMauritania: Alive and Well in Mauritania? Slavery and Its Stubborn Vestiges\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 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relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1999\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19795_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19795_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 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\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645- \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2013\/data\/country-data\/mauritania\/\">Global Slavery Index country data 2013: Mauritania<\/a>. <em>Global Slavery Index<\/em>. Walk Free Foundation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2013\/data\/country-data\/mauritania\/\">Global Slavery Index country data 2013: Mauritania<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Global Slavery Index<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0May 2021.<\/p>\n<p>Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \u201cThe Politics of the Haratin Social Movement in Mauritania, 1978-2014,\u201d in Osama Abi Merched, <em>Social Currents in North Africa: Culture and Governance after the Arab Spring<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>Bruce Hall, quoted in Alexis Okeowo (8 September 2014).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2014\/09\/08\/freedom-fighter\">&#8220;Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist&#8217;s crusade&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The New Yorker<\/em>. Retrieved May 29, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8221; (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8221;. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u062d\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Anti-Slavery International)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064c \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u0629&#8221;. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antislavery.org\/what-we-do\/mauritania\/\">https:\/\/www.antislavery.org\/what-we-do\/mauritania<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, op. cit.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19795_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19795_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19795_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19795_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u00a0Kevin Bales &#8220;Review <em>Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy<\/em>&#8220;. <em>Human Rights Quarterly<\/em>. 22 (3): 867\u2013872.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sutter and E. McNamee, \u201cSlavery\u2019s Last Stand,\u201d CNN.com March 2012. Accessed May 29th, 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064f \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0641\u0651\u064f \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629\u064b\u061b \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \u201cThe Politics of the Haratin Social Movement in Mauritania, 1978-2014,\u201d in Osama Abi Merched, <em>Social Currents in North Africa: Culture and Governance after the Arab Spring<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Helene Aastrup-Samuels and Bo Harringer, \u201cBorn Slave\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/wrlc-gu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma9911446729004101&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01WRLC_GUNIV:01WRLC_GUNIV&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=DN_and_CI&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,slavery%20mauritania&amp;sortby=rank&amp;facet=rtype,include,videos&amp;offset=0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/wrlc-gu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma9911446729004101&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01WRLC_GUNIV:01WRLC_GUNIV&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=DN_and_CI&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,slavery%20mauritania&amp;sortby=rank&amp;facet=rtype,include,videos&amp;offset=0<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">E. Anne Mcdougal, \u201cMauritania: Alive and Well in Mauritania? Slavery and Its Stubborn Vestiges\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alexis Okeowo (8 September 2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2014\/09\/08\/freedom-fighter\">&#8220;Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist&#8217;s crusade&#8221;<\/a>. <em>The New Yorker<\/em>. Retrieved May 29, 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">E. Anne Mcdougal, \u201cLiving the Legacy of Slavery.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/etudesafricaines\/15068\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/etudesafricaines\/15068<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alexis Okeowo (8 September 2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2014\/09\/08\/freedom-fighter\">&#8220;Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist&#8217;s crusade&#8221;<\/a>. <em>The New Yorker<\/em>. Retrieved May 29, 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 94 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649&#8221;. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyulawglobal.org\/globalex\/Mauritania.html#slaveryandstigma\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nyulawglobal.org\/globalex\/Mauritania.html#slaveryandstigma<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khalid Essesissah, \u201cParadise is Under the Feet of Your Master: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community,\u201d Journal of Black Studies Vol. 47 (1), 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khaled Esseissah, <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sutter, J. D.. 2012. Slavery\u2019s last stronghold. CNN. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2012\/03\/world\/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold\/index.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2012\/03\/world\/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold\/index.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 18.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \u201cThe Politics of the Haratin Social Movement in Mauritania, 1978-2014,\u201d in Osama Abi Merched, <em>Social Currents in North Africa: Culture and Governance after the Arab Spring<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p, 123.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0650\u0628\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">E. Anne Mcdougal, \u201cMauritania: Alive and Well in Mauritania? Slavery and Its Stubborn Vestiges\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201307181120.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Andree Rutti, \u201cConstructing a Human Rights Campaign: Contemporary Slavery in Mauritania\u201d UC Santa Barbara Global Societies Journal 5 (O), 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ould Cir\u00e9, <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 11.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Andree Rutti, \u201cConstructing a Human Rights Campaign: Contemporary Slavery in Mauritania\u201d UC Santa Barbara Global Societies Journal 5 (O), 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19795_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19795_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19795_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" 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