{"id":19233,"date":"2021-07-26T11:21:24","date_gmt":"2021-07-26T09:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=19233"},"modified":"2021-07-28T16:54:27","modified_gmt":"2021-07-28T14:54:27","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%aa%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%aa%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0640\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 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1998.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Philippe Fargues, \u201cMass Migration and Uprisings in Arab Countries: An Analytical Framework<em>\u201d, International Policy Development<\/em> 7, 2017.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Oula Kadhum, \u201cEthno-Sectarianism in Iraq, Diaspora Positionality, and Political Transnationalism\u201d, <em>Global Networks<\/em> Vol 19. No.2, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 2011\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mohammed Sharqawi, \u201cDire et faire communaut\u00e9 en diaspora. 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ali R. Chaudhary and Dana M. Moss, \u201cTriadic Political Opportunity Structures: Re-Conceptualising Immigrant Transnational Politics\u201d, Working Paper 129, International Migration Institute, Oxford Department of International Development, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a 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Adamson, \u201cMechanisms of Diaspora Mobilization and the Transnationalization of Civil War\u201d, in Jeffrey T. Checkel (ed) <em>Transnational Dynamics of Civil War<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19233_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19233_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yossi Shain and Ravinatha P. 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\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff, ed, <em>Diasporas and Development: Exploring the Potential<\/em>, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u060c &#8220;\u062d\u0634\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/205691490640562635\/pdf\/111806-REVISED-ARABIC-PUBLIC.pdf\">https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/205691490640562635\/pdf\/111806-REVISED-ARABIC-PUBLIC.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eva Pf\u00f6stl, \u201cDiasporas as Political Actors: The Case of the Amazigh Diaspora\u201d, In Peter Seeberg and Zaid Eyadat (eds) <em>Migration, Security, and Citizenship in the Middle East<\/em>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013;<\/p>\n<p>Jennifer Skulte-Ouiass and Paul Tabar, \u201cStrong in their Weakness or Weak in their Strength: The Case of Lebanese Diaspora Engagement with Lebanon\u201d, <em>Immigrants and Minorities: Historical Studies in Ethnicity, Migration and Diaspora<\/em> 33(2), 2015;<\/p>\n<p>Stephen Syrett and Janroj Yilmaz Keles, \u201cDiasporas, Agency, and Enterprise in Settlement and Homeland Contexts: Politicised Entrepreneurship in the Kurdish Diaspora\u201d, <em>Political Geography<\/em> 73, 2019;<\/p>\n<p>Maria Koinova, Diaspora Mobilization for Palestinian Statehood, In M. Koinova <em>Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>Ofra Bengio and Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, \u201cMobilised Diasporas: Kurdish and Berber Movements in Comparative Perspective\u201d, <em>Kurdish Studies<\/em> 1(1), 2013;<\/p>\n<p>Maria Koinova, \u201cDiaspora Coalition-Building for Genocide Recognition: Armenians, Assyrians and Kurds\u201d, <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies<\/em> 29(11), 2019.<\/p>\n<p>Dana M. Moss, \u201cTransnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring\u201d, <em>Social Problems<\/em> 63(4), 2016;<\/p>\n<p>Dara Conduit, \u201cAuthoritarian Power in Space, Time and Exile\u201d, <em>Political Geography<\/em> 82, 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Elise F\u00e9ron and Bruno Lefort, \u201cDiasporas and Conflicts: Understanding the Nexus\u201d, Diaspora Studies 12(1), 2019.<\/p>\n<p>Claire Beaugrand and Vincent Geisser, \u201cSocial Mobilization and Political Participation in the Diaspora during the \u2018Arab Spring\u2019\u201d, <em>Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies<\/em> Vol.14 No.3, 2016.<\/p>\n<p>F\u00e9lix Krawatzek and L\u00e9a M\u00fcller-Funk, \u201cTwo Centuries of Flow between \u2018Here\u2019 and \u2018There\u2019: Political Remittances and their Transformative Potential\u201d, <em>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies<\/em> 46(6), 2020.<\/p>\n<p><em>Iraqi Migration to Europe in 2016: Profiles, Drivers, and Return<\/em>, 2017. Available at <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/reach_irq_grc_report_iraqi_migration_to_europe_in_2016_june_2017%20%281%29.pdf\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/reach_irq_grc_report_iraqi_migration_to_europe_in_2016_june_2017%20%281%29.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ataa Alsalloum and Andre Brown, \u201cTowards a Heritage-Led Sustainable Post-Conflict Reconciliation: A Policy-Led Perspective\u201d, <em>Sustainability<\/em> 11(6), 2019.<\/p>\n<p>Noha Aboueldahab, \u201cInnovation in Transitional Justice: Experiences from the Arab Region\u201d, Brookings Doha Center, 2020. Available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/innovation-in-transitional-justice-experiences-from-the-arab-region\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/innovation-in-transitional-justice-experiences-from-the-arab-region\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>Camilla Orjuela, \u201cMobilising Diasporas for Justice. Opportunity Structures and the Presencing of a Violent Past\u201d, <em>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies<\/em> 44(8), 2018.<\/p>\n<p>Espen Stokke and Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm, \u201cSyrian Diaspora Mobilization: Vertical Coordination, Patronage Relations, and the Challenges of Fragmentation in the Pursuit of Transitional Justice\u201d, <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies<\/em> 42(11), 2019.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19233_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19233_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19233_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19233_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Benedict Anderson, \u201cLong Distance Nationalism\u201d, In\u00a0<em>The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World<\/em>, London:\u00a0Verso, 1998.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bahar Basar and Amira Halperin, \u201cDiasporas from the Middle East: Displacement, Transnational Identities and Homeland Politics\u201d, <em>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies<\/em> Vol.46 No.2, 2019;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Philippe Fargues, \u201cMass Migration and Uprisings in Arab Countries: An Analytical Framework<em>\u201d, International Policy Development<\/em> 7, 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Melissa Finn and Bessma Momani, \u201cEstablished and Emergent Political Subjectivities in Circular Human Geographies: Transnational Arab Activists\u201d, <em>Citizenship Studies<\/em> 21(1), 2017;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alice Alunni, \u201cLong-Distance Nationalism and Belonging in the Libyan Diaspora (1969-2011)\u201d, <em>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies<\/em>, Vol. 46 No.2, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Oula Kadhum, \u201cEthno-Sectarianism in Iraq, Diaspora Positionality, and Political Transnationalism\u201d, <em>Global Networks<\/em> Vol 19. No.2, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohammed Sharqawi, \u201cDire et faire communaut\u00e9 en diaspora. Le cas de l\u2019immigration y\u00e9m\u00e9nite en Angleterre (1950-2015)\u201d, Unpublished Dissertation, Paris: Ecoles de hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elise F\u00e9ron, \u201cTransporting and Re-inventing Conflicts: Conflict-Generated Diasporas and Conflict Autonomisation\u201d, <em>Cooperation and Conflict<\/em> 52(3), 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lea M\u00fcller-Funk, \u201cFluid Identities, Diaspora Youth Activists and the (Post-)Arab Spring: How Narratives of Belonging Can Change Over Time\u201d, <em>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies<\/em> 46(6), 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ali R. Chaudhary and Dana M. Moss, \u201cTriadic Political Opportunity Structures: Re-Conceptualising Immigrant Transnational Politics\u201d, Working Paper 129, International Migration Institute, Oxford Department of International Development, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fiona B. Adamson, \u201cMechanisms of Diaspora Mobilization and the Transnationalization of Civil War\u201d, in Jeffrey T. Checkel (ed) <em>Transnational Dynamics of Civil War<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yossi Shain and Ravinatha P. Aryasinha, \u201cSpoilers or Catalysts? The Role of Diasporas in Peace Processes\u201d, in Edward Newman and Oliver Richmond (eds) <em>Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers during Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19233_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19233_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_19233_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19233_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19233_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_19233_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19233_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19233_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19233_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19233_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19233_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_19233_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_19233_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19233_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_19233_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19233_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":19327,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19233","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19233","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19233\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19390,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/19233\/revisions\/19390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19233"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19233"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19233"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}