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https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2021\/05\/25181432\/AR-Figure-2-Tax-Revenus-2-2048x1167.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/u><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d 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\u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 10% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 2018\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 15% (\u064a\u0639\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a (\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 8% \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em><u>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2015<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"594\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 25%<\/td>\n<td>7.0%<\/td>\n<td>1.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>5% \u0641\u064a 2003\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7% \u0641\u064a 2017\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10% \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2020-2022<\/td>\n<td>10%<\/td>\n<td>7.4%<\/td>\n<td>1.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<td>10%<\/p>\n<p>0-15%<\/td>\n<td>2.7%<\/td>\n<td>0.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>4-14%<\/td>\n<td>2.3%<\/td>\n<td>0.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>17%<\/td>\n<td>10.7%<\/td>\n<td>1.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 (\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a)<\/p>\n<p>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b<\/td>\n<td>5% +0.8% \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/p>\n<p>3-45%<\/td>\n<td>7.5%<\/p>\n<p>1.6%<\/td>\n<td>1.0%<\/p>\n<p>0.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a).<\/td>\n<td>11%<\/td>\n<td>36%<\/td>\n<td>5.0%<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>20%<\/td>\n<td>2.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>4.7%<\/td>\n<td>0.6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>13.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><em>http:\/\/www.finance.gov.lb\/en-us\/Finance\/Rep-Pub\/DRI-MOF\/PFR<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 2.7% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 17%. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[vi]<\/a> \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 11% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><u>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2015 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"576\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"10\" width=\"576\"><em>\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td>26.8<\/td>\n<td>18.3<\/td>\n<td>12.0<\/td>\n<td>32.4<\/td>\n<td>21.1<\/td>\n<td>10.9<\/td>\n<td>17.5<\/td>\n<td>19.4<\/td>\n<td><strong>19.4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>11.3<\/td>\n<td>20.4<\/td>\n<td>19.3<\/td>\n<td>12.2<\/td>\n<td>9.9<\/td>\n<td>30.4<\/td>\n<td>21.3<\/td>\n<td>9.7<\/td>\n<td><strong>10.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>31.0<\/td>\n<td>32.3<\/td>\n<td>33.7<\/td>\n<td>27.0<\/td>\n<td>28.2<\/td>\n<td>25.0<\/td>\n<td>33.8<\/td>\n<td>36.6<\/td>\n<td><strong>36.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>25.4<\/td>\n<td>23.7<\/td>\n<td>26.5<\/td>\n<td>16.2<\/td>\n<td>32.4<\/td>\n<td>26.1<\/td>\n<td>18.8<\/td>\n<td>29.0<\/td>\n<td><strong>20.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td>7.0<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>9.6<\/td>\n<td>9.5<\/td>\n<td>8.5<\/td>\n<td>7.6<\/td>\n<td>8.8<\/td>\n<td>6.5<\/td>\n<td><strong>9.1<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"10\" width=\"576\"><em>\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td>8.6<\/td>\n<td>3.0<\/td>\n<td>2.8<\/td>\n<td>11.1<\/td>\n<td>5.2<\/td>\n<td>1.8<\/td>\n<td>4.9<\/td>\n<td>3.2<\/td>\n<td><strong>2.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>3.4<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<td>5.1<\/td>\n<td>5.9<\/td>\n<td>1.6<\/td>\n<td><strong>1.5<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>9.9<\/td>\n<td>5.3<\/td>\n<td>7.8<\/td>\n<td>9.3<\/td>\n<td>6.9<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>9.4<\/td>\n<td>6.0<\/td>\n<td><strong>5.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>8.1<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>6.1<\/td>\n<td>5.6<\/td>\n<td>7.9<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>5.2<\/td>\n<td>4.8<\/td>\n<td><strong>2.8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<td>0.7<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<td>3.2<\/td>\n<td>2.1<\/td>\n<td>1.3<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td><strong>1.2<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>32.6<\/td>\n<td>16.3<\/td>\n<td>23.4<\/td>\n<td>33.4<\/td>\n<td>24.4<\/td>\n<td>16.7<\/td>\n<td>27.8<\/td>\n<td>16.7<\/td>\n<td><strong>13.8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<u>.<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649&#8221;.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 3% \u064845% \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b (\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 5\u2030 (\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641) \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629).<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[vii]<\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0.2%.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629) \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 5% \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 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\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629.<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\">[xxxvii]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 vetocracy) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[i]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064d\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[ii]<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639:<\/p>\n<p><em>Les Imp\u00f4ts au Liban<\/em>, by Karim Daher, Edition Antoine\/Hachette, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[iii]<\/a> \u0641\u064a 2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 3.9% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 7% \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[iv]<\/a> \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[v]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[vi]<\/a> Torslov, Wier, Zucman 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/gabrielzucman.eu\/files\/TWZ2020.pdf\">http:\/\/gabrielzucman.eu\/files\/TWZ2020.pdf<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[vii]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 30 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 3%\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 12% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 200 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 120 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[viii]<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u062e\u064f\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2-3% (\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[ix]<\/a> \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 426 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2000 \u06482020.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[x]<\/a> \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a 0.87% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 51.8% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[xi]<\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629: \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[xii]<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lydia Assouad (2018): Rethinking the Lebanese Economic Miracle: The Extreme Concentration of Income and Wealth in Lebanon 2005\u20132014;\u00a0 WID Working Paper 201713\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647&#8221;\u060c 22 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2021\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a\u060c https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2021\/03\/22\/ar-pub-83907<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[xiii]<\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.annahar.com\/article\/1108612-road-map-to-an-orderly-restructuring-of-lebanese-public-sector-debt\">https:\/\/en.annahar.com\/article\/1108612-road-map-to-an-orderly-restructuring-of-lebanese-public-sector-debt<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[xiv]<\/a> \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 -50%)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 -56%).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[xv]<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a &#8211; \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2020.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[xvi]<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The trouble with the creeping expropriation of depositors,&#8221; <em>Annahar<\/em>, January 24 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.annahar.com\/article\/1110694-the-trouble-with-the-creeping-expropriation-of-depositors\">https:\/\/en.annahar.com\/article\/1110694-the-trouble-with-the-creeping-expropriation-of-depositors<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[xvii]<\/a> \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/featuredArticle.php?id=322\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/featuredArticle.php?id=322<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[xviii]<\/a> Alesina, Alberto. &#8220;Fiscal policy after the great recession.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Atlantic Economic Journal<\/em>\u00a040.4 (2012): 429-435. Romer, Christina D., and David H. Romer. &#8220;The macroeconomic effects of tax changes: estimates based on a new measure of fiscal shocks.&#8221;\u00a0<em>American Economic Review <\/em>100.3 (2010).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[xix]<\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[xx]<\/a> \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 (\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 11 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20%).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[xxi]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 1508 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 &#8211; \u0641\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[xxii]<\/a> \u0648\u064f\u062b\u0651\u0642\u064e\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0631\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 (1998-2000) \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644&#8221; \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[xxiii]<\/a> Alvaredo, Chancel, Piketty, Saez, Zucman,\u00a0 <em>World Inequality Report, <\/em>Harvard University Press, 2018.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[xxiv]<\/a> FACTI Panel Report ( <a href=\"https:\/\/www.factipanel.org\/explore-the-report\">https:\/\/www.factipanel.org\/explore-the-report<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[xxv]<\/a> \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d) \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629- \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d) \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628) \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[xxvi]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[xxvii]<\/a> \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 BEPS \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[xxviii]<\/a> \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[xxix]<\/a> \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/featuredArticle.php?id=313\">https:\/\/www.lcps-lebanon.org\/featuredArticle.php?id=313<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[xxx]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[xxxi]<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>Rodrik, Dani. &#8220;Industrial policy: don&#8217;t ask why, ask how.&#8221; <em>Middle East Development Journal<\/em> 1.01 (2009): 1-29.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[xxxii]<\/a> \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0648\u0648\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0639\u064e\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[xxxiii]<\/a> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[xxxiv]<\/a> \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 22 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629). \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[xxxv]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c 1040 (Learning to Love Form 1040)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[xxxvi]<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.executive-magazine.com\/opinion\/taxes-101\">https:\/\/www.executive-magazine.com\/opinion\/taxes-101<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[xxxvii]<\/a> Ishac Diwan and Jamal Ibrahim Haidar,\u00a0 \u201cCronyism reduces job creation in Lebanon,\u201d 18 January 2020, https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/cronyism-reduces-job-creation-lebanon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":18767,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[12],"tags":[427,286,347,84],"class_list":["post-18773","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12","tag-427","tag-286","tag-347","tag-84"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/18773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/18773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18799,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/18773\/revisions\/18799"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}