{"id":16786,"date":"2021-02-02T15:49:39","date_gmt":"2021-02-02T14:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=16786"},"modified":"2021-03-17T17:04:48","modified_gmt":"2021-03-17T16:04:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8f%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8f%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u064f\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: See Stephen J. 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nourredine Bessadi, \u201cWhile we all spoke about Covid-19, Algeria passed two worrisome laws in the blink of an eye,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Middle East Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c 22 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 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effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0628\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c 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tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Youcef Benzatat, \u201cLes Kahlouchs, cette. Blessure de l\u2019orgueil national de la race blanche.\u201d Mediapart, January 26, 2018<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0645 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marie Claude Chamla, \u201cLes populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes,\u201d Laboratoires d\u2019Anthropologie du Musee de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Institute de Paleontologie Humaine, Paris 1968, p. 81.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0650 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jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> 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p.74.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 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Then You\u2019d Better be Muslim\u00bb The New York Times, May 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/<\/span><\/a>. See also Seloua Luste Boulbina, \u201cSi tu desires te Moquer du Noir: Habille-le en rouge\u201d, Middle East Eye, November 24, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/si-tu-desires-te-moquer-du-noir-habille-le-en-rouge-0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/si-tu-desires-te-moquer-du-noir-habille-le-en-rouge-0<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 13 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 65 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1700-1880 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marie Claude Chamla, \u201cLes populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes,\u201d Laboratoires d\u2019Anthropologie du Musee de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Institute de Paleontologie Humaine, Paris 1968, p. 81.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_34');\" 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David Seddon, \u201cUnfinished Business: Slavery in Saharan Africa,\u201d <em>Slavery and Abolition<\/em>, 2000 21.2. See also Martin A. Klein, \u201cSlavery and French Rule in the Sahara,\u201d <em>Slavery and Abolition, <\/em>1998, 19.2., p.3. See also, Dennis D. Cordell, \u201cNo Liberty, not much equality, and very little Fraternity: The mirage of manumission in the Algerian Sahara in the second half of the nineteenth Century\u201d<em>Slavery and Abolition <\/em>1998, 19.2.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 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position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642. 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">43<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Khiat op.cit. See also Ian Law, <em>Mediterranean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Mediterranean Region<\/em>, (New York,Palgrave MacMillan, 2014), p. 74.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 -\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621- \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 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\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">59<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a -\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">60<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salim Khiat, \u201cLes Noirs En Algerie: Les Notres et Les Leurs,\u201d Cairn, 2017. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a 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\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_61');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_61');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">61<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00a0Abdi Latif Dahir, \u201cYes, to Africans: Algeria is giving legal status to black African workers but a nasty anti-migrant campaign is growing.\u201dQuartz Africa 2017 <a href=\"https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1021423\/algeria-to-grant-legal-status-to-african-\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1021423\/algeria-to-grant-legal-status-to-african-<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634&#8221; \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621. \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 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fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">63<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Salim Khiat, \u201cDe la Negrophobie en Algerie: Autopsie des mots qui dissent le mal en couleurs,\u201d Pouessel editor, Noirs au Maghreb: Enjeux identitaires (Paris: Karthala, 2012) and ;Khiat, \u201cLes Noirs En Algerie: Les Notres et Les Leurs,\u201d Cairn, 2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_64');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_16786_1('footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_64');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">64<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_64\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_64').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_16786_1_64', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_16786_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_16786_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_16786_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_16786_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: See Stephen J. King, The Arab Winter: Democratic Consolidation, Civil War, and Radical Islamists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Frederic Volpi, Algeria, \u201cWhen Elections Hurt Democracy,\u201d<em> Journal of Democracy<\/em>, Volume 31, Number 2, April 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064f\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marie Claude Chamla, \u201cLes populations anciennes du Sahara et des r\u00e9gions limitrophes,\u201d Laboratoires d\u2019Anthropologie du Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Institut de Pal\u00e9ontologie Humaine, Paris 1968, p. 81.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0646\u0627\u00bb.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nourredine Bessadi, \u201cWhile we all spoke about Covid-19, Algeria passed two worrisome laws in the blink of an eye,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Middle East Online: <a href=\"https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/minorityrights.org\/2020\/05\/12\/algeria-discrimination-laws\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c 22 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/algeria\/33303-draft-bill-on-fight-against-discrimination-hate-speech-adopted\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.aps.dz\/en\/algeria\/33303-draft-bill-on-fight-against-discrimination-hate-speech-adopted<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Youcef Benzatat, \u201cLes Kahlouchs, cette. Blessure de l\u2019orgueil national de la race blanche.\u201d Mediapart, January 26, 2018<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marie Claude Chamla, \u201cLes populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes,\u201d Laboratoires d\u2019Anthropologie du Musee de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Institute de Paleontologie Humaine, Paris 1968, p. 81.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ian Law, Mediterranean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Mediterranean Region, (New York: Palgrave Macmiilan, 2014), p.74.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kamel Daoud, \u00abBlack in Algeria\u00a0? Then You\u2019d Better be Muslim\u00bb The New York Times, May 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/132422\/archives-thematique\/discrimination-l-alg-rienne\/<\/span><\/a>. See also Seloua Luste Boulbina, \u201cSi tu desires te Moquer du Noir: Habille-le en rouge\u201d, Middle East Eye, November 24, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/si-tu-desires-te-moquer-du-noir-habille-le-en-rouge-0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/opinion-fr\/si-tu-desires-te-moquer-du-noir-habille-le-en-rouge-0<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marie Claude Chamla, \u201cLes populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes,\u201d Laboratoires d\u2019Anthropologie du Musee de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Institute de Paleontologie Humaine, Paris 1968, p. 81.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Wright, <em>The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade <\/em>(New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 16-23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Benjamine Claude Brower, \u201cRethinking Abolition in Algeria,\u201d Cahier D\u2019etudes Africaines 49, 2009<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David Seddon, \u201cUnfinished Business: Slavery in Saharan Africa,\u201d <em>Slavery and Abolition<\/em>, 2000 21.2. See also Martin A. Klein, \u201cSlavery and French Rule in the Sahara,\u201d <em>Slavery and Abolition, <\/em>1998, 19.2., p.3. See also, Dennis D. Cordell, \u201cNo Liberty, not much equality, and very little Fraternity: The mirage of manumission in the Algerian Sahara in the second half of the nineteenth Century\u201d<em>Slavery and Abolition <\/em>1998, 19.2.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_40');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Judith Schelle, \u201cTraders, Saints, and Irrigation: Reflections on Saharan Connectivity\u201d, <em>The Journal of African History<\/em>, 2010, Vol.51, NO.3 (2010).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_41');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_42');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_43');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Khiat op.cit. See also Ian Law, <em>Mediterranean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Mediterranean Region<\/em>, (New York,Palgrave MacMillan, 2014), p. 74.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_44');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_45');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \ufe9f\ufeae\u0627\ufee7\ufeaa \ufecf\ufef4\ufeee\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_46');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_47');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644) \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_48');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_49');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_50');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_51');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_52');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Salim Khiat, \u201cDe la Negrophobie en Algerie: Autopsie des mots qui dissent le mal en couleurs,\u201d Pouessel editor, Noirs au Maghreb: Enjeux identitaires (Paris: Karthala, 2012).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_53');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_54');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_55');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_56');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_57');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_58');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_59');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_60');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salim Khiat, \u201cLes Noirs En Algerie: Les Notres et Les Leurs,\u201d Cairn, 2017. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/insidearabia.com\/algeria-desert-deportations-eu-migration<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_61');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00a0Abdi Latif Dahir, \u201cYes, to Africans: Algeria is giving legal status to black African workers but a nasty anti-migrant campaign is growing.\u201dQuartz Africa 2017 <a href=\"https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1021423\/algeria-to-grant-legal-status-to-african-\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1021423\/algeria-to-grant-legal-status-to-african-<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_62');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2020\/10\/09\/376645\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2020\/10\/09\/376645#<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_63');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Salim Khiat, \u201cDe la Negrophobie en Algerie: Autopsie des mots qui dissent le mal en couleurs,\u201d Pouessel editor, Noirs au Maghreb: Enjeux identitaires (Paris: Karthala, 2012) and ;Khiat, \u201cLes Noirs En Algerie: Les Notres et Les Leurs,\u201d Cairn, 2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_16786_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_16786_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_16786_1_64');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_16786_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_16786_1').show(); 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