{"id":13102,"date":"2020-09-07T11:44:21","date_gmt":"2020-09-07T09:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=13102"},"modified":"2020-09-07T15:47:22","modified_gmt":"2020-09-07T13:47:22","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2011\u061f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2020 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u0644\u062f: \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 27 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2020\/04\/02\/ar-pub-81440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegie-mec.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0650\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Floor El Kamouni-Janssen, Hamzeh Shadeedi, and Nancy Ezzeddine, \u2018Local Security Governance in Libya\u2019, <em>CRU-Report<\/em> (Clingendale, October 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/cru\/Libya%20website\/Synthesis%20report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clingendael.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631: &#8220;\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (7): \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8221; (\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u063a: \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u060c 2020).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 (\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u061f \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1. \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Figure-1-Arabic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13106\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Figure-1-Arabic-720x405.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Figure-1-Arabic-720x405.jpg 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Figure-1-Arabic-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Figure-1-Arabic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u0644\u062f: &#8220;\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020).<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/h2>\n<h3>1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lea Lavut, \u2018Building Partnerships Towards a Democratic Police Force in the Post-Revolutionary Tunisia Context\u2019, <em>Journal for Deradicalisation<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sfu.ca\/jd\/index.php\/jd\/article\/viewFile\/67\/62\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">journals.sfu.ca<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00a0\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0650\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 2015 <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2015\/03\/16\/ar-pub-59375\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegie-mec.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>2. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0632\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064e\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u062f\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621\u0650 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062b\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628&#8221; (\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062c\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a \u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ziad A. Akl, \u2018Militia Institutionalisation and Security Sector Reform in Libya\u2019 (Euromesco, 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euromesco.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/201706-EuroMeSCo-Paper-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">euromesco.net<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0642\u0651\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064f\u0630\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2011\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647:<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nicholas Lotito, \u2018Security Reform during Democratic Transitions: Experimental Evidence from Tunisia\u2019, <em>SSRN Scholarly Paper<\/em> (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 24 August 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3090059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">papers.ssrn.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064f\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2 \u06483 (\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 2013 \u06482018) \u062a\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13129\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1-720x341.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1-720x341.jpg 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1-1440x682.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1-768x364.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1-1536x728.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181725\/Picture1-wave-3-1.jpg 1746w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13132\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected-720x351.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"794\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected-720x351.jpg 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected-1440x703.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected-768x375.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected-1536x749.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-wave-5-corrected.jpg 1781w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646: &#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u061f&#8221;. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0650\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Walsh, \u2018Restarting Police Reform in Tunisia: The Importance of Talking About Everyday Security\u2019, <em>Middle East Institute<\/em>, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/restarting-police-reform-tunisia-importance-talking-about-everyday-security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mei.edu<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062d\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0632\u064f\u0651\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u064e\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 4. \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13136\" src=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst-720x366.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst-720x366.jpg 720w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst-1440x733.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst-768x391.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst-1536x781.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/d2uecu6cucl1lj.cloudfront.net\/ari\/2020\/09\/25181724\/Picture1-trusst.jpg 1665w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221; 2018<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Gen Dr Amine Saliba, \u2018The Security Sector in Lebanon\u2019, 2012, 18, <a href=\"http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/files\/Security_Sector_in_Lebanon2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegieendowment.org<\/a>. For the distribution of roles according to sect in the state more widely, see Bassel F. Salloukh, \u2018Taif and the Lebanese State: The Political Economy of a Very Sectarian Public Sector\u2019, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 25, no. 1 (2 January 2019): 43\u201360, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13537113.2019.1565177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u2018Fish Vendor\u2019s Death Sparks Anti-Police Protests in Morocco\u2019, <em>France 24<\/em>, 31 October 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/video\/20161031-fish-vendors-death-sparks-anti-police-protests-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">france24.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629\u064b. \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064f\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Isma\u2019il Kushkush, \u2018Protesters in Sudan and Algeria Have Learned From the Arab Spring\u2019, <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, 13 April 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2019\/04\/protesters-sudan-and-algeria-have-learned-arab-spring\/587113\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">theatlantic.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h3>2. \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0621 (honey-trapping)\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u2018Egypt\u2019s Police \u201cusing Social Media and Apps like Grindr to Trap Gay People,\u201d <em>The Independent<\/em>, accessed 4 February 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/africa\/egypts-police-using-social-media-and-apps-like-grindr-to-trap-gay-people-9738515.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">independent.co.uk<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u064e \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u2019\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 (hacktivism). \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646\u2018 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\u2018 (Blueleaks)\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aaron Holmes, \u2018Hackers just leaked sensitive files from over 200 police departments that are searchable by badge number\u2019, <em>Business Insider, <\/em>22 June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/blueleaks-hackers-publish-sensitive-files-from-200-police-departments-2020-6?r=US&amp;IR=T\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">businessinsider.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064e \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Valentina von Finckenstein, \u2018Cybersecurity in the Middle Eastand North Africa\u2019, <em>Konrad Adenauer Foundation Lebanon<\/em>, July 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/284382\/284431\/Policy+Paper+on+Cybersecurity+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.pdf\/50199440-b10e-3dea-52ca-c0e3714ebc75?version=1.0&amp;t=1564581818218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kas.de<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627-<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u2018BAE Sold Surveillance Tools to Arab States\u2019, <em>BBC News<\/em>, 15 June 2017, sec. Middle East, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-40276568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bbc.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u064f\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0650\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0650\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u064e\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b0-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa\/\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/strong><\/a> \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064e \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0634\u2018 (\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 2014. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627- \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064e \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0650\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u064f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064e\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628\u064e\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Robert Postings, \u201cFree Syria Police: Creating Security and Stability in North Aleppo, parts I and II\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: <a href=\"https:\/\/international-review.org\/free-syria-police-creating-security-and-stability-in-north-aleppo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">international-review.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u2018 Suriyeli Polis\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 polis \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0646\u0634\u0637\u064e\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 (polis)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0650\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0644\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0628\u064e\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0648\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 SY24\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 : <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2GDy4RD\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/2GDy4RD<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651]\u061b \u0623\u064a\u0652 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2019\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u2018 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u061b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651 (\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0648. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064e \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064e \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<h3>5\u0640. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Kifner, \u2018Egypt\u2019s Army Praised in Quelling Riots, but for Mubarak, Crisis Is Not Over\u2019, <em>The New York Times<\/em>, 9 March 1986, sec. World, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1986\/03\/09\/world\/egypt-s-army-praised-in-quelling-riots-but-for-mubarak-crisis-is-not-over.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nytimes.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u064e\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sharan Grewal, \u2018Time to Rein In Tunisia\u2019s Police Unions\u2019 (Project on Middle East Democracy, March 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3h0Kr6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bit.ly\/3h0Kr6A<\/a> .<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u062f\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2013 \u06482015\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e 2013 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u2018Egypt\u2019s Police Strike and the Need for Reform\u2019, <em>Atlantic Council<\/em> (blog), 9 March 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/egypts-police-strike-and-the-need-for-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">atlanticcouncil.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Maha Abdelrahman, \u2018Policing Neoliberalism in Egypt: The Continuing Rise of the \u201cSecurocratic\u201d State\u2019, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em> 38, no. 1 (2 January 2017): 185\u2013202, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2015.1133246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u064f\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 2015 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u064e\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651 200 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651 (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Alex Walsh and Jana Treffler, \u2018What Is Germany Bringing to Tunisia\u2019s Security Sector?\u2019, <em>Middle East Institute<\/em> (blog), 13 August 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/what-germany-bringing-tunisias-security-sector\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mei.edu<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0650\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064e \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0640\u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0650\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0647\u064e\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0647\u0652\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 -\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b 80 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 [\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629] \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629]. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0635\u0641\u0651\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0633 -\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 2011 \u06482014\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Moncef Kartas, \u2018Foreign Aid and Security Sector Reform in Tunisia: Resistance and Autonomy of the Security Forces\u2019, <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 19, no. 3 (2 September 2014): 373\u201391, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13629395.2014.959760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0644\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0650\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064f\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u064e\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064e\u064a \u2019\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">&#8220;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u062a<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u064e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u0645\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u0623\u062c\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">&#8221; 1 <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">\u0648<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">2<\/a> -\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018- \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_13102_1('footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria\/\">arab-reform.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria\/<\/a> \u0648 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">arab-reform.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_13102_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0622\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629: \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f\u061f) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u062c\u064e\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u064f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061f) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062a\u0642\u064e\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629). \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064f\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 -\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0621- \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0650\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0650\u0642\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064e\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u064f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0633.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_13102_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_13102_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_13102_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_13102_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u0644\u062f: \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 27 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2020\/04\/02\/ar-pub-81440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegie-mec.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Floor El Kamouni-Janssen, Hamzeh Shadeedi, and Nancy Ezzeddine, \u2018Local Security Governance in Libya\u2019, <em>CRU-Report<\/em> (Clingendale, October 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/cru\/Libya%20website\/Synthesis%20report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clingendael.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631: &#8220;\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (7): \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8221; (\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u063a: \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u060c 2020).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lea Lavut, \u2018Building Partnerships Towards a Democratic Police Force in the Post-Revolutionary Tunisia Context\u2019, <em>Journal for Deradicalisation<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sfu.ca\/jd\/index.php\/jd\/article\/viewFile\/67\/62\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">journals.sfu.ca<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 2015 <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2015\/03\/16\/ar-pub-59375\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegie-mec.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ziad A. Akl, \u2018Militia Institutionalisation and Security Sector Reform in Libya\u2019 (Euromesco, 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euromesco.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/201706-EuroMeSCo-Paper-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">euromesco.net<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nicholas Lotito, \u2018Security Reform during Democratic Transitions: Experimental Evidence from Tunisia\u2019, <em>SSRN Scholarly Paper<\/em> (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 24 August 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3090059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">papers.ssrn.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Walsh, \u2018Restarting Police Reform in Tunisia: The Importance of Talking About Everyday Security\u2019, <em>Middle East Institute<\/em>, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/restarting-police-reform-tunisia-importance-talking-about-everyday-security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mei.edu<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Gen Dr Amine Saliba, \u2018The Security Sector in Lebanon\u2019, 2012, 18, <a href=\"http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/files\/Security_Sector_in_Lebanon2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carnegieendowment.org<\/a>. For the distribution of roles according to sect in the state more widely, see Bassel F. Salloukh, \u2018Taif and the Lebanese State: The Political Economy of a Very Sectarian Public Sector\u2019, <em>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics<\/em> 25, no. 1 (2 January 2019): 43\u201360, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13537113.2019.1565177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u2018Fish Vendor\u2019s Death Sparks Anti-Police Protests in Morocco\u2019, <em>France 24<\/em>, 31 October 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/video\/20161031-fish-vendors-death-sparks-anti-police-protests-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">france24.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Isma\u2019il Kushkush, \u2018Protesters in Sudan and Algeria Have Learned From the Arab Spring\u2019, <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, 13 April 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2019\/04\/protesters-sudan-and-algeria-have-learned-arab-spring\/587113\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">theatlantic.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u2018Egypt\u2019s Police \u201cusing Social Media and Apps like Grindr to Trap Gay People,\u201d <em>The Independent<\/em>, accessed 4 February 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/africa\/egypts-police-using-social-media-and-apps-like-grindr-to-trap-gay-people-9738515.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">independent.co.uk<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aaron Holmes, \u2018Hackers just leaked sensitive files from over 200 police departments that are searchable by badge number\u2019, <em>Business Insider, <\/em>22 June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/blueleaks-hackers-publish-sensitive-files-from-200-police-departments-2020-6?r=US&amp;IR=T\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">businessinsider.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Valentina von Finckenstein, \u2018Cybersecurity in the Middle Eastand North Africa\u2019, <em>Konrad Adenauer Foundation Lebanon<\/em>, July 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/284382\/284431\/Policy+Paper+on+Cybersecurity+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.pdf\/50199440-b10e-3dea-52ca-c0e3714ebc75?version=1.0&amp;t=1564581818218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kas.de<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u2018BAE Sold Surveillance Tools to Arab States\u2019, <em>BBC News<\/em>, 15 June 2017, sec. Middle East, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-40276568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bbc.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628\u064e\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Robert Postings, \u201cFree Syria Police: Creating Security and Stability in North Aleppo, parts I and II\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: <a href=\"https:\/\/international-review.org\/free-syria-police-creating-security-and-stability-in-north-aleppo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">international-review.org<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0634\u0637\u064e\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 (polis)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0650\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0644\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0628\u064e\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0648\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629\u2018 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 SY24\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 : <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2GDy4RD\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/2GDy4RD<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Kifner, \u2018Egypt\u2019s Army Praised in Quelling Riots, but for Mubarak, Crisis Is Not Over\u2019, <em>The New York Times<\/em>, 9 March 1986, sec. World, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1986\/03\/09\/world\/egypt-s-army-praised-in-quelling-riots-but-for-mubarak-crisis-is-not-over.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nytimes.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sharan Grewal, \u2018Time to Rein In Tunisia\u2019s Police Unions\u2019 (Project on Middle East Democracy, March 2018), <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3h0Kr6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bit.ly\/3h0Kr6A<\/a> .<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u2018Egypt\u2019s Police Strike and the Need for Reform\u2019, <em>Atlantic Council<\/em> (blog), 9 March 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/menasource\/egypts-police-strike-and-the-need-for-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">atlanticcouncil.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Maha Abdelrahman, \u2018Policing Neoliberalism in Egypt: The Continuing Rise of the \u201cSecurocratic\u201d State\u2019, <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em> 38, no. 1 (2 January 2017): 185\u2013202, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2015.1133246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2019\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u2018 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Alex Walsh and Jana Treffler, \u2018What Is Germany Bringing to Tunisia\u2019s Security Sector?\u2019, <em>Middle East Institute<\/em> (blog), 13 August 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/what-germany-bringing-tunisias-security-sector\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mei.edu<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Moncef Kartas, \u2018Foreign Aid and Security Sector Reform in Tunisia: Resistance and Autonomy of the Security Forces\u2019, <em>Mediterranean Politics<\/em> 19, no. 3 (2 September 2014): 373\u201391, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13629395.2014.959760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_13102_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_13102_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria\/\">arab-reform.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria\/<\/a> \u0648 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/\">arab-reform.net\/project\/tahdir-for-syria-2\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_13102_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_13102_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_13102_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_13102_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_13102_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_13102_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_13102_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_13102_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_13102_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_13102_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_13102_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_13102_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_13102_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_13102_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":13142,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[22],"tags":[226,167],"class_list":["post-13102","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-22","tag-226","tag-167"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/13102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/13102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13160,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/13102\/revisions\/13160"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ari26.arabregionhub.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}